Surely the Abrahamic faithful, the Jew, the Christian, the Muslim, must realize they have abandoned their own convictions by spreading themselves to every corner of the globe no notion of how far removed from their garden of Eden they have become? In so few words mankind walked away from Eden never to return in desire. Adam and Eve were naked and vulnerable to the elements but the conditions must have been favorable for nakedness until something caused Eve to eat from the tree of life. The serpent is believed to have tempted Eve to eat from the tree but Reginald knew that something must have caused Eve to approach the tree. Possibly the sight of a boundless horizon inspired Adam and Eve to venture to the far reaches of Eden and there they encountered the cold and the realization that nakedness imposes limits on the capacity of man. This moment was man's first conflict with nature, the realization of boundaries . Reginald had set himself on a lifetime journey to ponder this question and to live in the state of Adam and Eve before they became conflicted with nature and expelled from the garden. He happened upon Sunny Salvation twenty three years ago and found in the owner, Thaddeus, a sojourner of similar conviction, albeit limited in conviction to the extent to which a pilgrim should commit oneself to regaining a life in Eden.
Sunny Salvation was, to be honest, a practical answer for a man desiring to live as a nudist in the State of Kentucky that found nudism to be a criminal proposition. Sunny Salvation Camp the property of Sunny Salvation Christian Church was the legal loophole necessary to remain in a hostile environment. Thaddeus did not take his church and his role as pastor casually. The presence of Jesus was inescapable inside and out of the camp. The long standing rumor perpetuated by Thaddeus was that Walt Disney visited Sunny Salvation in the 1950's and Walt's land of amusements sprang forth in an epiphany of marketing genus. Thaddeus always added to his declaration of Walt Disney's visit a reminder to visitors that your visit to Sunny Salvation would be kept a secret to protect your privacy. Walt's visit was a historical moment however.
Tuesday, August 23, 2011
Monday, August 22, 2011
Saturday, August 13, 2011
medical emergency
I almost had to check myself into the emergency last month due to heat stroke. My blood pressure was sky high. Since then I have gone to the doctor and my major problem is asthma. I also have high blood pressure and my lipid panel needs improvement. So I have sworn off high sodium foods and will attempt the DASH diet.
The records of my attempt to live naturally have not been kept up to date. I have cheated on the fast food and soda. But because of my health scare I have to commit myself to dropping microwave meals.
The records of my attempt to live naturally have not been kept up to date. I have cheated on the fast food and soda. But because of my health scare I have to commit myself to dropping microwave meals.
Wednesday, August 10, 2011
Tuesday, August 9, 2011
Thursday, August 4, 2011
Henry Pudor
Henry Pudor, (* August 31 1865 in Loschwitz in Dresden , † December 22 1943 in Leipzig ) was a folkish -national publicist and one of the pioneers of naturism in Germany. He also used the pseudonym Heinrich Ernst shame and German.
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 Life
2 Other publications (selection)
3 Literature
4 External links
5 References
[ edit ] Life
Henry was the son of Frederick Pudor Pudor, director of the Royal Conservatory born in Dresden. After the visit of the Cross School , he used previously begun studying music at the Conservatoire of his father. 1886/87 he studied at the University of Leipzig ( physiological psychology , philosophy , art history ), then he moved to Heidelberg , where in 1889 about Schopenhauer's metaphysics doctorate of music in his World as Will and Idea.
Before accepting Pudor early 1890s the legacy of his late father as head of the private nor the time to the Royal Conservatory, he traveled to France and Italy . The travel sketches created there - 1893 and 1895 also successfully published [1] [2] - established his reputation as a travel writer, later continued by descriptions of Scandinavian countries. Already in his inaugural as head of the Dresden Conservatory, he came by his opinion, to teach only German music, with vehement criticism of both the teachers and the city of Dresden, then sold that Pudor the Conservatory in June 1890.
After founding his own publishing Pudor Heinrich (Munich, Berlin, later New York), in which he published only his own writings - mainly books of poetry and devotional writings, the life reform advocated. In 1891 he married a Jewish woman Susanne Jacobi, from whom he divorced seven years later, and moved into a villa in Loschwitz in Dresden. In 1892 he gave up with the Dresden weeklies for its first arts and culture magazine, whose appearance in the same year but was reinstated. 1893 his family moved to London, recently appeared in Dresden Pudor Naked people. Rejoicing of the future, the first important German-language works to naturism . His two years ago introduced vegetarian lifestyle Pudor gave up after health problems in London. In the following years he published numerous publications, both for life reform movement as well as all sorts of other themes (including architecture, linguistics, social policy, cultural studies).
1898 Henry Pudor returned after he tried in vain to distinguish itself as a painter, sculptor and musician, returns after traveling extensively through Europe to Germany. In Berlin Pudor married Linda Prill (the marriage lasted until 1923) until 1907, he published descriptions of travel by Scandinavian countries. That same year he moved to Leipzig. 1910 Pudor discovered the craft for himself and founded the association for protection of German quality, a year later he moved the magazine Unfair competition. Communications of the Association for the Protection of German quality.
As of 1912, Henry published Pudor almost exclusively anti-Semitic writings, mostly published in his publishing house. The prelude for this was the book of Germany for the Germans. Preliminary work on laws against the Jewish settlement in Germany and the journal Anti-Semitic armor of the German People's Council (in 1918 he was an organ of the German People's Council also good German. Messages of the German People's Council. Unit folkish associations out of the German People's Council, however, was probably at the time Pudor only from itself). After 1915 anti-Semitic armor was prohibited, he renamed the magazine in the Iron Ring and gave it out to 1923. Other publications followed with similar content, several times had to be Pudor because hostility to leading German politicians responsible to justice. Having Gustav Stresemann for his "treacherous foreign policy" threatened with murder on 17 Pudor March 1926 to a monetary penalty to one year in prison.
In September 1933, was banned Pudor new magazine called Swastika in which he the leader cult around Hitler and the party dictatorship of the Nazi Party criticized. He also deplored the publication in the "toleration" of the Jews by the new rulers of Germany, along with attacks against leading politicians regarding their origin and way of life, against, among others, Hitler and Goebbels, [3] . Of 14 November 1933 until 5 July 1934 Pudor in protective custody, taken as he illegally after the official ban on the magazine spread.
After the prison was surrounded by socialists and communists Pudor published many autobiographical writings in which he portrayed himself as a pioneer of the German national movement. 1943 was against publishing Pudor investigation for continuing fraud (he was trying to sell older writings to publishing in illegal conditions to booksellers), Henry died before the ruling on 22 Pudor December of that year. [4]
[ edit ] Other publications (selection)
A serious word about "Rembrandt as Educator", Dieterich, Göttingen 1890
(Heinrich shame): Mother's milk. Revelation of nature, London 1893
(Heinrich shame): Kirtara. Gaieties and longings, Leipzig, Fleischer 1894
(Heinrich shame): sexual love? Paradise votes, Leipzig 1895
The women's dress reform. A contribution to philosophy, hygiene and aesthetics of the dress, sailor, Leipzig 1903
Hygiene movement, 1906
The Gender, 1906
Bisexuality. Studies on the general bisexuality of human beings. Against Wilhelm Fliess, 1906
Sex life and marriage, 1907
Social Policy of the middle class, 2 volumes, 1911
Solid in the faith! A return from monism to Christianity. Leipzig 1913
The homeland security and financial security in the war against world Jewry, 1933
Peoples breath of God. Atlantis Heligoland, the Aryan-Germanic race high breeding and colonization mother country. Leipzig, 1936
The international family relations of the Jewish high finance, 1933-1937, 20 volumes
The soul. Ongoing research about the term 'soul' and his statement and replacing it with a reliable scientific and scientific-biological terminology, 1937
My life. Fight against Judah for the Aryan race, 1939-1941
[ edit ] References
Adam Thomas: Henry Pudor - health reformer and publisher In: The moving book.. Book trade and social, national and cultural movements in 1900, eds. Lehmstedt Mark & Andreas Herzog. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1999th (= Publications of the Leipzig working group in the history of the book, writings and testimonies to the history book, 12). ISBN 3-447-04206-0 p. 183-196
[ edit ] External links
Michael Peters: Pudor, Henry . In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 20, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2001, p. 759
Literature by and about Heinrich Pudor in the catalog of the German National Library
Thomas Gräfe: Henry Pudor . In: Saxon Biography , ed. from the Institute for Saxon History and Folklore eV Edit. by Martina Schattkowsky .
Views of Henry Pudor about architecture
Stanislaw Przybyszewski: Homo sapiens [5]
[ edit ] References
↑ Henry Pudor. Heretical Art Letters from Italy. Dresden 1893
↑ Henry Pudor. French travel sketches. Pudor'sche travel library. Dresden 1895
↑ swastika. A political magazine. New Series 2-3. [Leipzig 1933]
↑ Adam Thomas: Henry Pudor - health reformer and publisher In: The moving book.. Book trade and social, national and cultural movements in 1900, ed. v. Mark Lehmstedt and Andreas Herzog. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1999th P. 183-196
↑ The Polish writer mentioned Przybyszewski Pudor as cranky people in this trilogy of 1896
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 Life
2 Other publications (selection)
3 Literature
4 External links
5 References
[ edit ] Life
Henry was the son of Frederick Pudor Pudor, director of the Royal Conservatory born in Dresden. After the visit of the Cross School , he used previously begun studying music at the Conservatoire of his father. 1886/87 he studied at the University of Leipzig ( physiological psychology , philosophy , art history ), then he moved to Heidelberg , where in 1889 about Schopenhauer's metaphysics doctorate of music in his World as Will and Idea.
Before accepting Pudor early 1890s the legacy of his late father as head of the private nor the time to the Royal Conservatory, he traveled to France and Italy . The travel sketches created there - 1893 and 1895 also successfully published [1] [2] - established his reputation as a travel writer, later continued by descriptions of Scandinavian countries. Already in his inaugural as head of the Dresden Conservatory, he came by his opinion, to teach only German music, with vehement criticism of both the teachers and the city of Dresden, then sold that Pudor the Conservatory in June 1890.
After founding his own publishing Pudor Heinrich (Munich, Berlin, later New York), in which he published only his own writings - mainly books of poetry and devotional writings, the life reform advocated. In 1891 he married a Jewish woman Susanne Jacobi, from whom he divorced seven years later, and moved into a villa in Loschwitz in Dresden. In 1892 he gave up with the Dresden weeklies for its first arts and culture magazine, whose appearance in the same year but was reinstated. 1893 his family moved to London, recently appeared in Dresden Pudor Naked people. Rejoicing of the future, the first important German-language works to naturism . His two years ago introduced vegetarian lifestyle Pudor gave up after health problems in London. In the following years he published numerous publications, both for life reform movement as well as all sorts of other themes (including architecture, linguistics, social policy, cultural studies).
1898 Henry Pudor returned after he tried in vain to distinguish itself as a painter, sculptor and musician, returns after traveling extensively through Europe to Germany. In Berlin Pudor married Linda Prill (the marriage lasted until 1923) until 1907, he published descriptions of travel by Scandinavian countries. That same year he moved to Leipzig. 1910 Pudor discovered the craft for himself and founded the association for protection of German quality, a year later he moved the magazine Unfair competition. Communications of the Association for the Protection of German quality.
As of 1912, Henry published Pudor almost exclusively anti-Semitic writings, mostly published in his publishing house. The prelude for this was the book of Germany for the Germans. Preliminary work on laws against the Jewish settlement in Germany and the journal Anti-Semitic armor of the German People's Council (in 1918 he was an organ of the German People's Council also good German. Messages of the German People's Council. Unit folkish associations out of the German People's Council, however, was probably at the time Pudor only from itself). After 1915 anti-Semitic armor was prohibited, he renamed the magazine in the Iron Ring and gave it out to 1923. Other publications followed with similar content, several times had to be Pudor because hostility to leading German politicians responsible to justice. Having Gustav Stresemann for his "treacherous foreign policy" threatened with murder on 17 Pudor March 1926 to a monetary penalty to one year in prison.
In September 1933, was banned Pudor new magazine called Swastika in which he the leader cult around Hitler and the party dictatorship of the Nazi Party criticized. He also deplored the publication in the "toleration" of the Jews by the new rulers of Germany, along with attacks against leading politicians regarding their origin and way of life, against, among others, Hitler and Goebbels, [3] . Of 14 November 1933 until 5 July 1934 Pudor in protective custody, taken as he illegally after the official ban on the magazine spread.
After the prison was surrounded by socialists and communists Pudor published many autobiographical writings in which he portrayed himself as a pioneer of the German national movement. 1943 was against publishing Pudor investigation for continuing fraud (he was trying to sell older writings to publishing in illegal conditions to booksellers), Henry died before the ruling on 22 Pudor December of that year. [4]
[ edit ] Other publications (selection)
A serious word about "Rembrandt as Educator", Dieterich, Göttingen 1890
(Heinrich shame): Mother's milk. Revelation of nature, London 1893
(Heinrich shame): Kirtara. Gaieties and longings, Leipzig, Fleischer 1894
(Heinrich shame): sexual love? Paradise votes, Leipzig 1895
The women's dress reform. A contribution to philosophy, hygiene and aesthetics of the dress, sailor, Leipzig 1903
Hygiene movement, 1906
The Gender, 1906
Bisexuality. Studies on the general bisexuality of human beings. Against Wilhelm Fliess, 1906
Sex life and marriage, 1907
Social Policy of the middle class, 2 volumes, 1911
Solid in the faith! A return from monism to Christianity. Leipzig 1913
The homeland security and financial security in the war against world Jewry, 1933
Peoples breath of God. Atlantis Heligoland, the Aryan-Germanic race high breeding and colonization mother country. Leipzig, 1936
The international family relations of the Jewish high finance, 1933-1937, 20 volumes
The soul. Ongoing research about the term 'soul' and his statement and replacing it with a reliable scientific and scientific-biological terminology, 1937
My life. Fight against Judah for the Aryan race, 1939-1941
[ edit ] References
Adam Thomas: Henry Pudor - health reformer and publisher In: The moving book.. Book trade and social, national and cultural movements in 1900, eds. Lehmstedt Mark & Andreas Herzog. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1999th (= Publications of the Leipzig working group in the history of the book, writings and testimonies to the history book, 12). ISBN 3-447-04206-0 p. 183-196
[ edit ] External links
Michael Peters: Pudor, Henry . In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 20, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2001, p. 759
Literature by and about Heinrich Pudor in the catalog of the German National Library
Thomas Gräfe: Henry Pudor . In: Saxon Biography , ed. from the Institute for Saxon History and Folklore eV Edit. by Martina Schattkowsky .
Views of Henry Pudor about architecture
Stanislaw Przybyszewski: Homo sapiens [5]
[ edit ] References
↑ Henry Pudor. Heretical Art Letters from Italy. Dresden 1893
↑ Henry Pudor. French travel sketches. Pudor'sche travel library. Dresden 1895
↑ swastika. A political magazine. New Series 2-3. [Leipzig 1933]
↑ Adam Thomas: Henry Pudor - health reformer and publisher In: The moving book.. Book trade and social, national and cultural movements in 1900, ed. v. Mark Lehmstedt and Andreas Herzog. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1999th P. 183-196
↑ The Polish writer mentioned Przybyszewski Pudor as cranky people in this trilogy of 1896
Arnold Rikli
Arnold Rikli (* February 13 1823 in Wangen an der Aare , Canton of Bern , † April 30 1906 in St. Thomas , Carinthia , Austria-Hungary ) was a Swiss naturopath. He is the founder of the "atmospheric cure" to play with the light-air baths and a substantial role. Riki was a supporter of the so-called reform of life .
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 Life
2 Riklis cures
3 Literature
4 External links
[ edit ] Life
Riki was born as the son of a prominent politician and owner of a dyeing . As a boy he was a very strict upbringing angediehen, which should serve at the request of parents, especially the employees in the factory. At 20 he joined his father's dying, to set up in 1845 with his brothers Karl and Rudolf one yarn dyeing plant in Seebach Seeboden (Carinthia). His main interest was already in those years of natural medicine , and last but not least is probably why his company ran into financial problems. During these years he constructed a steam-bed apparatus and earned a reputation as a water doctor.
1854, after he had successfully cured himself of a disease, he moved with his family in the climatically favorable location Velde in Gorenjska in today's Slovenia , to found a hospital. He treated during the summer months - probably with some success - mainly easier cases, which he could choose themselves and gathered a considerable number of followers. In the winter months he treated first in Ljubljana , then in Trieste and Gries in Bolzano severe illness and even some others failed even with his own children. Conflicts with doctors often ended in court, but Riki remained until his death in self-conscious and loyal to his theories was convinced to have made an important contribution to medicine.
Since 1989 the annual Arnold Rikli Prize of Light Foundation in Atlanta (USA) will be awarded. The award recognizes work that deal with the biological effects of light on humans.
[ edit ] Riklis cures
Riki, who was also called "Doctor Sun", treated his patients with water-air-light therapy, employment in the fresh air, intense sun exposure ( heliotherapy ) and a vegetarian diet . Its spa guests spent the nights in open huts in the area were "air park" as the "Riklikum" or the "Arnold height," so to speak fitness courses, where his patients minimally clothed and barefoot walked. In the spa buildings in the guest bath basin and proceeded under steam baths and showers, were on the roofs, spacious sun terraces. The main principle of treatment consisted in "changing atmospheric charm" of water, air and light, which should restore the physical and mental balance.
As Riki scientific findings of his time did not believe he resisted conventional medical treatments such as vaccinations or surgery and became a bitter opponent of the medical profession. The naturopath however, raise his achievements and contributions to date (including light therapy) out.
Not least thanks to Riki Velde was an important spa and experienced in the years leading up to the First World War a remarkable boom, and even today are modified forms of treatment in today's Riklis Bled offered. Among his "students" belonged to the painter and social reformer Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (1851-1913) who founded a commune in Vienna according to the principles of Riki. In Riklis Kuranstalt met in Bled is also the son of industrialist Henri Oedenkoven , the pianist Ida Hofmann and the brothers Karl and Gusto Graser , together in the autumn of 1900 the vineyard above Ascona populated. They named their company, which included a natural sanatorium, "Mountain of Truth - Monte Verità ". This institution also followed the ways of healing of Riki, but beyond that it was a meeting place of cultural revolutionary spirit, the "cradle of alternative culture . "
[ edit ] References
Alfred Brauchle : The owner of Arnold Rikli dyeing. Doctor In The Sun:. The same: the history of naturopathy in life paintings. 2nd ext. Ed by Great natural doctors. Reclam Verlag, Stuttgart 1951, p.204-218
Zdenko Levental. The sun doctor Arnold Rikli Gesnerus 34 (1977) 3-4, p. 394-403.
Friedhelm Kirchfeld, Wade Boyle, Nature Doctors. . Pioneers in Naturopathic Medicine Medicina Biologica, Portland, Oregon; Buckeye Naturopathic Press, East Palestine, Ohio, 1994.
Martin Green: Mountain of Truth. The Counterculture begins. Ascona, 1900-1920. University Press of New England, Hanover and London, 1986.
Robert Jütte : History of alternative medicine. From folk medicine to the unconventional therapies of today. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 1996. ISBN 3-406-40495-2
Harald Szeemann (ed.): Monte Verità. Mountain of Truth. Electa Editrice, Milano 1979th
Kai Buchholz et al (eds): The reform of life. Proposals for the redesign of life and art around 1900. Volume 1 Häusser Verlag, Darmstadt 2,001th ISBN 3-89552-077-2
Eberhard Mros: Monte Verità phenomenon Volume 1:. The Settlers (1900-1920) Ascona 2007..
[ edit ] External links
History. The beginnings of tourism: Arnold Rikli (contribution of the town of Bled, English)
Arnold Rikli from cheek post by Zdenko Levental in the yearbook of the Oberaargau 1977
Arnold Rikli in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 Life
2 Riklis cures
3 Literature
4 External links
[ edit ] Life
Riki was born as the son of a prominent politician and owner of a dyeing . As a boy he was a very strict upbringing angediehen, which should serve at the request of parents, especially the employees in the factory. At 20 he joined his father's dying, to set up in 1845 with his brothers Karl and Rudolf one yarn dyeing plant in Seebach Seeboden (Carinthia). His main interest was already in those years of natural medicine , and last but not least is probably why his company ran into financial problems. During these years he constructed a steam-bed apparatus and earned a reputation as a water doctor.
1854, after he had successfully cured himself of a disease, he moved with his family in the climatically favorable location Velde in Gorenjska in today's Slovenia , to found a hospital. He treated during the summer months - probably with some success - mainly easier cases, which he could choose themselves and gathered a considerable number of followers. In the winter months he treated first in Ljubljana , then in Trieste and Gries in Bolzano severe illness and even some others failed even with his own children. Conflicts with doctors often ended in court, but Riki remained until his death in self-conscious and loyal to his theories was convinced to have made an important contribution to medicine.
Since 1989 the annual Arnold Rikli Prize of Light Foundation in Atlanta (USA) will be awarded. The award recognizes work that deal with the biological effects of light on humans.
[ edit ] Riklis cures
Riki, who was also called "Doctor Sun", treated his patients with water-air-light therapy, employment in the fresh air, intense sun exposure ( heliotherapy ) and a vegetarian diet . Its spa guests spent the nights in open huts in the area were "air park" as the "Riklikum" or the "Arnold height," so to speak fitness courses, where his patients minimally clothed and barefoot walked. In the spa buildings in the guest bath basin and proceeded under steam baths and showers, were on the roofs, spacious sun terraces. The main principle of treatment consisted in "changing atmospheric charm" of water, air and light, which should restore the physical and mental balance.
As Riki scientific findings of his time did not believe he resisted conventional medical treatments such as vaccinations or surgery and became a bitter opponent of the medical profession. The naturopath however, raise his achievements and contributions to date (including light therapy) out.
Not least thanks to Riki Velde was an important spa and experienced in the years leading up to the First World War a remarkable boom, and even today are modified forms of treatment in today's Riklis Bled offered. Among his "students" belonged to the painter and social reformer Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (1851-1913) who founded a commune in Vienna according to the principles of Riki. In Riklis Kuranstalt met in Bled is also the son of industrialist Henri Oedenkoven , the pianist Ida Hofmann and the brothers Karl and Gusto Graser , together in the autumn of 1900 the vineyard above Ascona populated. They named their company, which included a natural sanatorium, "Mountain of Truth - Monte Verità ". This institution also followed the ways of healing of Riki, but beyond that it was a meeting place of cultural revolutionary spirit, the "cradle of alternative culture . "
[ edit ] References
Alfred Brauchle : The owner of Arnold Rikli dyeing. Doctor In The Sun:. The same: the history of naturopathy in life paintings. 2nd ext. Ed by Great natural doctors. Reclam Verlag, Stuttgart 1951, p.204-218
Zdenko Levental. The sun doctor Arnold Rikli Gesnerus 34 (1977) 3-4, p. 394-403.
Friedhelm Kirchfeld, Wade Boyle, Nature Doctors. . Pioneers in Naturopathic Medicine Medicina Biologica, Portland, Oregon; Buckeye Naturopathic Press, East Palestine, Ohio, 1994.
Martin Green: Mountain of Truth. The Counterculture begins. Ascona, 1900-1920. University Press of New England, Hanover and London, 1986.
Robert Jütte : History of alternative medicine. From folk medicine to the unconventional therapies of today. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 1996. ISBN 3-406-40495-2
Harald Szeemann (ed.): Monte Verità. Mountain of Truth. Electa Editrice, Milano 1979th
Kai Buchholz et al (eds): The reform of life. Proposals for the redesign of life and art around 1900. Volume 1 Häusser Verlag, Darmstadt 2,001th ISBN 3-89552-077-2
Eberhard Mros: Monte Verità phenomenon Volume 1:. The Settlers (1900-1920) Ascona 2007..
[ edit ] External links
History. The beginnings of tourism: Arnold Rikli (contribution of the town of Bled, English)
Arnold Rikli from cheek post by Zdenko Levental in the yearbook of the Oberaargau 1977
Arnold Rikli in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
Fidus
Fidus (Hugo Reinhold Karl Johann bourgeois Höppener [1] , * October 8 1868 in Lübeck , † February 23 1948 in Woltersdorf ) was a German painter and illustrator.
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 Life
1.1 Early years of life
1.2 1890-1931
1.3 1932-1945
1.4 After 1945
2 discount
3 Literature
4 External links
5 References
[ edit ] Life
[ edit ] Early life years
Hugo was born on 8 Höppener October 1868, the son of confectioner Höppener Julius and his wife Camilla (nee Stender) was born in Lübeck. Easter 1887 he was sent by his parents at the preschool of the Munich Academy. Only three months after he left the academy and became a pupil of the painter and nature Apostle Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach in Höllriegelskreuth , from whom he received his stylistic imprint and the artist name "Fidus" (Patriot). He devoted himself to the lebensreformerischen ideas of vegetarianism , belief in the light, the naturist and a nature-friendly lifestyle. Anarcho-socialist ideas of land reform and vegetarian pacifism ruled the intellectual world of the young Fidus. Thus Fidus among the other member associations lebensreformerischen German Garden City Society , the Association of German land reformer and member of the Federation for all-round reform of the entire life of Germans in the Association of Physical Culture and the German Association for reasonable physical discipline . [2]
1889 continued Fidus continued his studies at the Munich Academy. The acquaintance with the Theosophists Wilhelm Hubbe-Schleiden led to work as illustrator of the journal Sphinx . [1] Fidus henceforth represented a mystical nature, religion and sat down ideas for a sex-reform one. The specific Art Nouveau was now his paintings with esoteric symbols - lotus flowers , egg shapes, crosses enriched - and sun sign. The cyclic structure of the life cycle, the return of the man in the divine womb, the merging of the sexes and the redemption of the light were recurring motifs. He also drew up plans for massive temple complexes of a new religion of nature and light, in which the people should gather to worship. His most famous picture was in multiple copies, the first time in 1908, resulting "light prayer." It shows a young, slender, almost androgynous man on a mountain top, arms in the form of a Lebensrune spreading and sun worshiping. That image became the icon of the youth movement. [3]
In 1895 he left his first marriage to Amalie kingdom. This was not a legalized marriage but a free combination of the then ehereformerischen beliefs accordingly. Other marriages followed in the years 1900 and 1922, with Elsa Knorr Elsbet Lehmann-Hohenberg. [4]
[ edit ] 1890-1931
The early 1890s undertook Fidus trips to Norway, Switzerland, Italy and Istria. In 1892 he settled in Berlin and there was contact with the literary bohemians, established himself as an illustrator and became a member of the newly formed literary and artistic magazines Pan , Simplicissimus and youth . [1] In Berlin Fidus also joined the Theosophical Society and was co-founded in a Theosophical Lodge [5] (presumably Esoteric Circle or DTG ).
Fidus' first exhibition was held 1883rd [1] In addition to his graphic work that the naked man presented without the usual allegorical or mythological "skins" painted, Fidus landscape paintings in which he reworked impressions of his first time in 1894 undertaken north-country trips, and since 1903 he organized to present slide shows of his paintings. [1] In 1900 was one of the most famous painter Fidus Germany.
Substantial contacts exist at the time of this intellectual environment, for example, Pastor Willy or Arthur Moeller van den Bruck , just to Friedrichshagener poet circle to the Heinrich and Julius Hart and Gustav Landauer included. He also maintained close contact with the garden city movement, the land reform movement and migratory birds . In 1912 he founded the St. George's society that would turn against the "dragon of materialism".
So-called "Fidushaus" in Woltersdorf, which was built between 1908 and 1910 to designs by the artist in the "home style"
Fidus has illustrated many books. May Day 1905 appeared in the special issue of the journal Social Democratic " forward "with a title page designed by Fidus. 1906 received Fidus the financial means to establish a self-designed studios, which was in the Woltersdorfer Villenkolonie Schönblick east built by Berlin and extends from 1908/1909 to a residential wing, where he lived with his wife Elsa, his two children, the friend of Elsa poet Gertrud Prellwitz and Franz Bernoully. [6] The House "became a kind of pilgrimage of the reform movement." [7]
So-called "Fidusdenkmal" in Woltersdorf, which was built to designs by Fidus in honor of fallen soldiers Woltersdorfer the First World War
Broke out in 1914, the First World War, Fidus had through the influence of Wilhelm Schwaner nationalist ideas face. However, he spoke out against the general jingoism, demanded instead that Germany should free themselves from foreign cultural influences in order to fulfill a moral mission for the world. After 1918 Fidus lost in artistic influence, including material it was him worse. He made this mess for the artistic internationalism ( Expressionism , Dadaism and " New Objectivity ") and the capitalist market trends responsible.
[ edit ] 1932-1945
Fidus in 1932, the Nazi one. But by 1925 he had turned in the paper "The race-Rassler acts" against the utopia of "racial purity". The Germans were thus historically a mixed people, and it would depend only on the Sun-drenched soul of man, not on racial characteristics. Despite hopes to the new governance, despite pleading letter to Hitler and Goebbels, to support financially its temple art, it was largely rejected by the new rulers. The SS-newspaper " Das Schwarze Korps "referred to him in 1936 as a cheapening of Nordic art. His request for the introduction he developed "Neugermanischen writing" was brusquely rejected in 1936. A planned exhibition on the art Nuremberg Nazi Party in 1936 burst, because Hitler had already been encountered at the sight of monumental portraits so "disgusted" that he ordered to return all of the works.
1937, Fidus folders confiscated and banned the sale of Fidusdrucken. Hitler was also the distribution of his painted portraits of Fidus ban on postcards. Demoralized Fidus criticized the Nazi cultural officials as a "cultural bigwigs" and "barbarians". Stylistically, he was true to his unconventional, in the very unusual time, "soft Art Nouveau" faithful. On the occasion of his 75th Birthday, he was appointed in 1943, despite its distance from the Nazi regime as an honorary professor. [8]
[ edit ] After 1945
Even after the Second World War, he represented his "light-German" thoughts continue. In order to gain better access to food, Fidus painted images on behalf of the Soviet Union of Stalin and Lenin and the Order of the SED Rudolf Breitscheid . [9] in 1946 he joined the free-religious community in Berlin and known as the voters CDU . On 23 February 1948 Fidus died of a stroke in Woltersdorf.
[ edit ] Estate
A portion of the estate of Fidus is located in the archives of the German youth movement , to the Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg belongs. It was developed in 2005/2006 and to digitize the works contained therein, for the most part. Another part of the estate is in the archive Fidus Berlinische Gallery store. Another legacy is already developed part of the Academy of Arts in Berlin. Another still untapped portion estate is located in the Haller's Family Archives, Reichenberg. Fidusforschung also interesting for the estates of Fidus publishers Fritz Heyder (1882-1941), which is also located in the Academy of the Arts, and Max Brunswick Municipal Archives in Minden .
[ edit ] References
Oskar Beyer: Fidus . In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 5, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1961, p. 138
Claudia Bibo: Naturalism as a worldview. Biologistic, theosophical and German-nationalist imagery in poetry, illustrated by Fidus (1893-1902). With an appendix. Organization of the German believers movement Frankfurt am Main, etc. 1995
Rolf F. Lang (ed.): Fidus - Hugo Höppener, diary, January-July 1945th
Berlin-Friedrichshagen 1999th 198 pages, 9 figures, notes.
Wolfgang de Bruyn (Eds.): Fidus. All artists Lichtbaren, Berlin 1998
Janos Frecot , Johann Friedrich Geist , Diethart curbs : Fidus. To escape the bourgeois aesthetic practice movements. Expanded edition, Hamburg 1997
Jost Hermand: From Art Nouveau to the Deutsch-hippie dreamer. In: Jost Hermand (eds): The glow of the beautiful life of Frankfurt am Main 1972, p. 55-127.
Michael Neumann: Fidus - iconographer of youth. In: Gerhard Ille, Gunter Kohler (eds): The migratory bird. It began in Steglitz. Berlin 1987
Marina Schuster: Fidus - an artist of the nationalist spirit cultural movement In: Manual for the "Nationalist Movement" 1871 - 1918.. Edited by Uwe Puschner , Walter Schmitz and Justus H. Ulbricht. Saur, Munich etc. 1996, p. 634-650
Marina Schuster: Fidus. Painter chaste nudity. In: free body culture and life. Studies on pre-and early history of nudism in Germany. Edited by Michael Grisko, Kassel 1999, p. 207-237
Marina Schuster: light prayer. The icon of the reform of life and youth movement, in: A Century of Images. 1900 to 1949. Edited by Gerhard Paul. Göttingen 2009, p. 140-147
Manfred Wedemeyer : Fidus - Magnus Weidemann, an artist friend from 1920 to 1948. Kiel 1984
Claus-Martin Wolf blow : the painter Fidus and assess its work in the light of postwar research. In: Yearbook of the Conservative Revolution. Wesseling 1994
Rainer Y: Fidus the temple artists. Phil Thesis, Göppingen 1985 (2 volumes)
[ edit ] External links
Literature by and about Fidus in the catalog of the German National Library
Find estate agents in the Fidus archives of the German Youth Movement
Fidus Archive Berlinische Gallery
ak190x.de : Prof. Dr. Wyss: FIDUS - Hugo Hoeppner 1871-1948, Summer 1993 - On the influence on the youth movement and thoughts on racism.
Fidus project , Fidus and his visits to Switzerland and its relations with people who have lived in Switzerland.
Biographical Life Reform in Switzerland
German Historical Museum : 2 Fidus works from the exhibition of the life reform movement from sheep Elective Affinities
[ edit ] References
↑ a b c d e Marina Schuster: Fidus In: Manual for the "Nationalist Movement" 1871 - 1918.. Edited by Uwe Puschner, Walter Schmitz and Justus H. Ulbricht. Saur, Munich etc. 1996, p. 904-905, here p. 904th
↑ Uwe Puschner: The Nationalist Movement in the Wilhelmine Empire. Language - race - religion, Darmstadt 2001, p. 167, ISBN 3-534-15052-X
↑ Marina Schuster: Fidus - an artist of the nationalist spirit cultural movement In: Manual for the "Nationalist Movement" 1871 - 1918.. Edited by Uwe Puschner, Walter Schmitz and Justus H. Ulbricht. Saur, Munich etc. 1996, p. 634-650, here: p. 642
↑ Hinrich of Hope: Names and Works, Volume 4, Dipa-Verlag, Frankfurt / Main, p. 51 ff
↑ German Biographical Encyclopedia & German Biographical Index. CD-ROM, Saur, Munich 2001, ISBN 978-3-598-40360-6 .
↑ Marina Schuster: Fidus - an artist of the nationalist spirit cultural movement In: Manual for the "Nationalist Movement" 1871 - 1918.. Edited by Uwe Puschner, Walter Schmitz and Justus H. Ulbricht. Saur, Munich etc. 1996, p. 634-650, here: p. 641
↑ Marina Schuster: Fidus In: Manual for the "Nationalist Movement" 1871 - 1918.. Edited by Uwe Puschner, Walter Schmitz and Justus H. Ulbricht. Saur, Munich etc. 1996, p. 904-905, here p. 905th
↑ Frecot / spirit / curbs: Fidus 1868-1948, Rogner & Bernhard, December 1997, p. 210
↑ Marina Schuster: Fidus - an artist of the nationalist spirit cultural movement In: Manual for the "Nationalist Movement" 1871 - 1918.. Edited by Uwe Puschner, Walter Schmitz and Justus H. Ulbricht. Saur, Munich etc. 1996, p. 634-650, here: p. 644
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 Life
1.1 Early years of life
1.2 1890-1931
1.3 1932-1945
1.4 After 1945
2 discount
3 Literature
4 External links
5 References
[ edit ] Life
[ edit ] Early life years
Hugo was born on 8 Höppener October 1868, the son of confectioner Höppener Julius and his wife Camilla (nee Stender) was born in Lübeck. Easter 1887 he was sent by his parents at the preschool of the Munich Academy. Only three months after he left the academy and became a pupil of the painter and nature Apostle Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach in Höllriegelskreuth , from whom he received his stylistic imprint and the artist name "Fidus" (Patriot). He devoted himself to the lebensreformerischen ideas of vegetarianism , belief in the light, the naturist and a nature-friendly lifestyle. Anarcho-socialist ideas of land reform and vegetarian pacifism ruled the intellectual world of the young Fidus. Thus Fidus among the other member associations lebensreformerischen German Garden City Society , the Association of German land reformer and member of the Federation for all-round reform of the entire life of Germans in the Association of Physical Culture and the German Association for reasonable physical discipline . [2]
1889 continued Fidus continued his studies at the Munich Academy. The acquaintance with the Theosophists Wilhelm Hubbe-Schleiden led to work as illustrator of the journal Sphinx . [1] Fidus henceforth represented a mystical nature, religion and sat down ideas for a sex-reform one. The specific Art Nouveau was now his paintings with esoteric symbols - lotus flowers , egg shapes, crosses enriched - and sun sign. The cyclic structure of the life cycle, the return of the man in the divine womb, the merging of the sexes and the redemption of the light were recurring motifs. He also drew up plans for massive temple complexes of a new religion of nature and light, in which the people should gather to worship. His most famous picture was in multiple copies, the first time in 1908, resulting "light prayer." It shows a young, slender, almost androgynous man on a mountain top, arms in the form of a Lebensrune spreading and sun worshiping. That image became the icon of the youth movement. [3]
In 1895 he left his first marriage to Amalie kingdom. This was not a legalized marriage but a free combination of the then ehereformerischen beliefs accordingly. Other marriages followed in the years 1900 and 1922, with Elsa Knorr Elsbet Lehmann-Hohenberg. [4]
[ edit ] 1890-1931
The early 1890s undertook Fidus trips to Norway, Switzerland, Italy and Istria. In 1892 he settled in Berlin and there was contact with the literary bohemians, established himself as an illustrator and became a member of the newly formed literary and artistic magazines Pan , Simplicissimus and youth . [1] In Berlin Fidus also joined the Theosophical Society and was co-founded in a Theosophical Lodge [5] (presumably Esoteric Circle or DTG ).
Fidus' first exhibition was held 1883rd [1] In addition to his graphic work that the naked man presented without the usual allegorical or mythological "skins" painted, Fidus landscape paintings in which he reworked impressions of his first time in 1894 undertaken north-country trips, and since 1903 he organized to present slide shows of his paintings. [1] In 1900 was one of the most famous painter Fidus Germany.
Substantial contacts exist at the time of this intellectual environment, for example, Pastor Willy or Arthur Moeller van den Bruck , just to Friedrichshagener poet circle to the Heinrich and Julius Hart and Gustav Landauer included. He also maintained close contact with the garden city movement, the land reform movement and migratory birds . In 1912 he founded the St. George's society that would turn against the "dragon of materialism".
So-called "Fidushaus" in Woltersdorf, which was built between 1908 and 1910 to designs by the artist in the "home style"
Fidus has illustrated many books. May Day 1905 appeared in the special issue of the journal Social Democratic " forward "with a title page designed by Fidus. 1906 received Fidus the financial means to establish a self-designed studios, which was in the Woltersdorfer Villenkolonie Schönblick east built by Berlin and extends from 1908/1909 to a residential wing, where he lived with his wife Elsa, his two children, the friend of Elsa poet Gertrud Prellwitz and Franz Bernoully. [6] The House "became a kind of pilgrimage of the reform movement." [7]
So-called "Fidusdenkmal" in Woltersdorf, which was built to designs by Fidus in honor of fallen soldiers Woltersdorfer the First World War
Broke out in 1914, the First World War, Fidus had through the influence of Wilhelm Schwaner nationalist ideas face. However, he spoke out against the general jingoism, demanded instead that Germany should free themselves from foreign cultural influences in order to fulfill a moral mission for the world. After 1918 Fidus lost in artistic influence, including material it was him worse. He made this mess for the artistic internationalism ( Expressionism , Dadaism and " New Objectivity ") and the capitalist market trends responsible.
[ edit ] 1932-1945
Fidus in 1932, the Nazi one. But by 1925 he had turned in the paper "The race-Rassler acts" against the utopia of "racial purity". The Germans were thus historically a mixed people, and it would depend only on the Sun-drenched soul of man, not on racial characteristics. Despite hopes to the new governance, despite pleading letter to Hitler and Goebbels, to support financially its temple art, it was largely rejected by the new rulers. The SS-newspaper " Das Schwarze Korps "referred to him in 1936 as a cheapening of Nordic art. His request for the introduction he developed "Neugermanischen writing" was brusquely rejected in 1936. A planned exhibition on the art Nuremberg Nazi Party in 1936 burst, because Hitler had already been encountered at the sight of monumental portraits so "disgusted" that he ordered to return all of the works.
1937, Fidus folders confiscated and banned the sale of Fidusdrucken. Hitler was also the distribution of his painted portraits of Fidus ban on postcards. Demoralized Fidus criticized the Nazi cultural officials as a "cultural bigwigs" and "barbarians". Stylistically, he was true to his unconventional, in the very unusual time, "soft Art Nouveau" faithful. On the occasion of his 75th Birthday, he was appointed in 1943, despite its distance from the Nazi regime as an honorary professor. [8]
[ edit ] After 1945
Even after the Second World War, he represented his "light-German" thoughts continue. In order to gain better access to food, Fidus painted images on behalf of the Soviet Union of Stalin and Lenin and the Order of the SED Rudolf Breitscheid . [9] in 1946 he joined the free-religious community in Berlin and known as the voters CDU . On 23 February 1948 Fidus died of a stroke in Woltersdorf.
[ edit ] Estate
A portion of the estate of Fidus is located in the archives of the German youth movement , to the Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg belongs. It was developed in 2005/2006 and to digitize the works contained therein, for the most part. Another part of the estate is in the archive Fidus Berlinische Gallery store. Another legacy is already developed part of the Academy of Arts in Berlin. Another still untapped portion estate is located in the Haller's Family Archives, Reichenberg. Fidusforschung also interesting for the estates of Fidus publishers Fritz Heyder (1882-1941), which is also located in the Academy of the Arts, and Max Brunswick Municipal Archives in Minden .
[ edit ] References
Oskar Beyer: Fidus . In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 5, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1961, p. 138
Claudia Bibo: Naturalism as a worldview. Biologistic, theosophical and German-nationalist imagery in poetry, illustrated by Fidus (1893-1902). With an appendix. Organization of the German believers movement Frankfurt am Main, etc. 1995
Rolf F. Lang (ed.): Fidus - Hugo Höppener, diary, January-July 1945th
Berlin-Friedrichshagen 1999th 198 pages, 9 figures, notes.
Wolfgang de Bruyn (Eds.): Fidus. All artists Lichtbaren, Berlin 1998
Janos Frecot , Johann Friedrich Geist , Diethart curbs : Fidus. To escape the bourgeois aesthetic practice movements. Expanded edition, Hamburg 1997
Jost Hermand: From Art Nouveau to the Deutsch-hippie dreamer. In: Jost Hermand (eds): The glow of the beautiful life of Frankfurt am Main 1972, p. 55-127.
Michael Neumann: Fidus - iconographer of youth. In: Gerhard Ille, Gunter Kohler (eds): The migratory bird. It began in Steglitz. Berlin 1987
Marina Schuster: Fidus - an artist of the nationalist spirit cultural movement In: Manual for the "Nationalist Movement" 1871 - 1918.. Edited by Uwe Puschner , Walter Schmitz and Justus H. Ulbricht. Saur, Munich etc. 1996, p. 634-650
Marina Schuster: Fidus. Painter chaste nudity. In: free body culture and life. Studies on pre-and early history of nudism in Germany. Edited by Michael Grisko, Kassel 1999, p. 207-237
Marina Schuster: light prayer. The icon of the reform of life and youth movement, in: A Century of Images. 1900 to 1949. Edited by Gerhard Paul. Göttingen 2009, p. 140-147
Manfred Wedemeyer : Fidus - Magnus Weidemann, an artist friend from 1920 to 1948. Kiel 1984
Claus-Martin Wolf blow : the painter Fidus and assess its work in the light of postwar research. In: Yearbook of the Conservative Revolution. Wesseling 1994
Rainer Y: Fidus the temple artists. Phil Thesis, Göppingen 1985 (2 volumes)
[ edit ] External links
Literature by and about Fidus in the catalog of the German National Library
Find estate agents in the Fidus archives of the German Youth Movement
Fidus Archive Berlinische Gallery
ak190x.de : Prof. Dr. Wyss: FIDUS - Hugo Hoeppner 1871-1948, Summer 1993 - On the influence on the youth movement and thoughts on racism.
Fidus project , Fidus and his visits to Switzerland and its relations with people who have lived in Switzerland.
Biographical Life Reform in Switzerland
German Historical Museum : 2 Fidus works from the exhibition of the life reform movement from sheep Elective Affinities
[ edit ] References
↑ a b c d e Marina Schuster: Fidus In: Manual for the "Nationalist Movement" 1871 - 1918.. Edited by Uwe Puschner, Walter Schmitz and Justus H. Ulbricht. Saur, Munich etc. 1996, p. 904-905, here p. 904th
↑ Uwe Puschner: The Nationalist Movement in the Wilhelmine Empire. Language - race - religion, Darmstadt 2001, p. 167, ISBN 3-534-15052-X
↑ Marina Schuster: Fidus - an artist of the nationalist spirit cultural movement In: Manual for the "Nationalist Movement" 1871 - 1918.. Edited by Uwe Puschner, Walter Schmitz and Justus H. Ulbricht. Saur, Munich etc. 1996, p. 634-650, here: p. 642
↑ Hinrich of Hope: Names and Works, Volume 4, Dipa-Verlag, Frankfurt / Main, p. 51 ff
↑ German Biographical Encyclopedia & German Biographical Index. CD-ROM, Saur, Munich 2001, ISBN 978-3-598-40360-6 .
↑ Marina Schuster: Fidus - an artist of the nationalist spirit cultural movement In: Manual for the "Nationalist Movement" 1871 - 1918.. Edited by Uwe Puschner, Walter Schmitz and Justus H. Ulbricht. Saur, Munich etc. 1996, p. 634-650, here: p. 641
↑ Marina Schuster: Fidus In: Manual for the "Nationalist Movement" 1871 - 1918.. Edited by Uwe Puschner, Walter Schmitz and Justus H. Ulbricht. Saur, Munich etc. 1996, p. 904-905, here p. 905th
↑ Frecot / spirit / curbs: Fidus 1868-1948, Rogner & Bernhard, December 1997, p. 210
↑ Marina Schuster: Fidus - an artist of the nationalist spirit cultural movement In: Manual for the "Nationalist Movement" 1871 - 1918.. Edited by Uwe Puschner, Walter Schmitz and Justus H. Ulbricht. Saur, Munich etc. 1996, p. 634-650, here: p. 644
Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach
Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (* February 21 1851 in Hadamar , † December 15 1913 on Capri ) was a painter and social reformer.
Diefenbach is a champion of reform of life , as the pioneer of naturism and the peace movement . His commune "Himmelhof" in Ober St. Veit (1897-1899) was one of the models for the students of his Gusto Graser reform founded settlements Monte Verita in Ascona. As a painter he is an independent representative of Art Nouveau and Symbolism .
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 Life
2 Exhibitions and Honors
3 plants
4 Literature
5 External links
6 itemization
[ edit ] Life
Diefenbach was a son of the painter and art teacher at the high school Hadamar Leonhard Diefenbach . He attended the Munich Academy of Art, was inspired by Arnold Bocklin and Franz von Stuck impress. His paintings were early attention and recognition. Due to a severe typhoid disease and surgery, his right arm was crippled. Because he thought he had saved his life with natural healing methods, he walked under the influence of natural medicine practitioner Arnold Rikli and Eduard Baltzer , founder of the Vegetarian Society in Germany, the apostle of nature-friendly lifestyle. Around 1881 he resigned from the church and was a member of the independent congregation.
In cassock and sandals, he proclaimed his doctrine in Munich. His ideas (and lives in harmony with nature and rejection of monogamy , moving away from any religion, exercise in the fresh air and exercise of nudism , and a meatless diet as a vegetarian ) were taken by his contemporaries as an opportunity to him as "turnip-Apostle to ridicule "and to follow. After the police had suppressed his meetings, put Diefenbach in an abandoned quarry near Höllriegelskreuth back. There was the young painter and his assistant Hugo Höppener disciples. Diefenbach called him Fidus , what was the stage name Höppeners. In joint work of the great frieze was Per aspera ad astra. An exhibition of his paintings in Vienna had a sensational success and made him famous, but he lost as a result of fraud led by the Vienna Art Society all his works. He fled to Egypt, where he drew huge temples. To win back his pictures, he went back to Vienna in 1897, planned to publish a journal Humanitas and organized a major exhibition. A circle of friends, where the pacifist Bertha von Suttner and the publicist Michael Georg Conrad belonged, supported his businesses. During this time gathered around him on the Himmelhof in Vienna, a community of up to 20 students or disciples, including at times the painter Frantisek Kupka , Konstantinos Parthenis and Gusto Graser and the subsequent animal rights Magnus Schwantje . The standards Diefenbach docked on himself and his followers were quite diverse, he himself lived at the same time in at least two relationships with women, he demanded from his followers absolute obedience and chastity, whose post has been inspected by him personally. The artists' commune, went bankrupt, and Diefenbach moved to the island of Capri, where he gained success and fame, while he was forgotten in Germany. He died there in 1913 at the age of 62 years as a result of intestinal obstruction.
[ edit ] Exhibitions and Honors
After his untimely death in 1913 his estate remained hidden for half a century, and exposed to decay. Only since the 1970s caused public museum for his works on Capri and in his hometown Hadamar. Of 29 October 2009 to 31 January 2010 was in an exhibition at the Museum Villa Stuck in Munich, his work made accessible again to the German public. [1]
1927 Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach was in Wien- Hietzing named after him.
[ edit ] Works
Thou shalt not kill, 1903
Per Aspera Ad Astra, 68 m long frieze (now in Diefenbach's birthplace Hadamar in the City Museum (in the castle Hadamar ) issued)
PER ASPERA AD ASTRA! A fairy tale life. Vienna 1893rd
A contribution to the history of contemporary art care. Vienna 1895th
Divine Youth. 1914
NN (Museo Diefenbach in the refectory of the Certosa di San Giacomo in Capri )
[ edit ] References
Alisio, Giancarlo: Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach 1851-1913. Dipinti da collezioni private. Electa Napoli. Edizioni La Conchiglia, 1995.
General Künstlerlexikon Bd 27, 2000, p. 221
Buchholz, Kai et al (eds): The reform of life. Proposals for the redesign of life and art around 1900. 2 volumes. Publisher Haeusser, Darmstadt 2,001th ISBN 3-89552-077-2
Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach. Per aspera ad astra: Shadow Fries and seal "of his life and dream image" notes Claudia Wagner. Recklinghausen, break-Verlag, 2nd Edition, 2007. Paperback, 75 pages, illustrated ISBN 978-3-93772601-4
Eley, Geoff and Retallack, James (eds.): Wilhelminism and Its Legacies. German Modernities, Imperialism and the Meanings of Reform, 1890-1930. Berghahn, New York / Oxford, 2003.
Fingerle-Trischler, Brigitte (ed.): Natural prophets in Freimann. Gusto Graser, Bruno Wersig and the effect of Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach. Accompanies the exhibit at the Cultural Mohr Villa Freimann of 8 January - 12 March 2010. Munich-Freimann 2010th
Frecot, Janos; mind, Johann Friedrich; curbs Diethart: Fidus, 1868-1948. To escape the bourgeois aesthetic practice movements. Munich: Rogner and Bernhard at Zweitausendeins; Affoltern: Book 2000th ISBN 3-8077-0359-4
Grisko, Michael (ed.): free body culture and life. Studies on pre-and early history of nudism. Kassel university press, Kassel 1999th ISBN 3-933146-06-2
Hammer, Claudia Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach, 1851-1913. Exhibition Catalogue Galerie Konrad Bayer, Munich 2003.
Kobel, Stefan Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach. The total work of art as a painter. MA thesis, Düsseldorf 1997th
Müller, Hermann (Ed.), Teacher Diefenbach Alpine hike. An artist and a rebel culture in the Karwendel 1895/1896. Wrap-Verlag, Recklinghausen 2004th ISBN 3-937726-00-4
Judge, Peter : The Jesus of Munich, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on Sunday 29th November 2009, p. 23
Schiano, Manuela: Alla ricerca della Sonnenland: la missione DI Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach, "Heliopolis", 1, settembre-dicembre 2002, pp. 89-103.
Schiano, Manuela: Conoscere KWDiefenbach, "Conoscere Capri", 7, 2008.
Schiano, Manuela: KWDiefenbach. Un artista senza patria, Tesi di laurea in storia moderna, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli 2,001th
Schiano, Manuela: Una stanza chiamata museo, "Nuova Museologia", 7 dicembre 2002, pp.23-26.
Spaun, Paul von (ed.): The case Diefenbach Trieste 1899th.
Todisco, Silvana: KW Diefenbach. Omnia vincit ars. Electa Napoli, Naples 1988th
Wagner, Claudia: The artist Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (1851-1913) - Master and mission. With a catalog of all known oil paintings. Dissertation at the Department of Art History at the Free University of Berlin, 2005. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2007/652
[ edit ] External links
Commons: Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach - collection of images, videos and audio files
Literature by and about Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach in the catalog of the German National Library
Biography
BR-articles Diefenbach
the exhibition at the Museum Villa Stuck, Munich
[ edit ] References
↑ Sunday newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine, 29 November 2009, page 23: The Jesus of Munich
Standard data: PND : 119423464 |
Diefenbach is a champion of reform of life , as the pioneer of naturism and the peace movement . His commune "Himmelhof" in Ober St. Veit (1897-1899) was one of the models for the students of his Gusto Graser reform founded settlements Monte Verita in Ascona. As a painter he is an independent representative of Art Nouveau and Symbolism .
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 Life
2 Exhibitions and Honors
3 plants
4 Literature
5 External links
6 itemization
[ edit ] Life
Diefenbach was a son of the painter and art teacher at the high school Hadamar Leonhard Diefenbach . He attended the Munich Academy of Art, was inspired by Arnold Bocklin and Franz von Stuck impress. His paintings were early attention and recognition. Due to a severe typhoid disease and surgery, his right arm was crippled. Because he thought he had saved his life with natural healing methods, he walked under the influence of natural medicine practitioner Arnold Rikli and Eduard Baltzer , founder of the Vegetarian Society in Germany, the apostle of nature-friendly lifestyle. Around 1881 he resigned from the church and was a member of the independent congregation.
In cassock and sandals, he proclaimed his doctrine in Munich. His ideas (and lives in harmony with nature and rejection of monogamy , moving away from any religion, exercise in the fresh air and exercise of nudism , and a meatless diet as a vegetarian ) were taken by his contemporaries as an opportunity to him as "turnip-Apostle to ridicule "and to follow. After the police had suppressed his meetings, put Diefenbach in an abandoned quarry near Höllriegelskreuth back. There was the young painter and his assistant Hugo Höppener disciples. Diefenbach called him Fidus , what was the stage name Höppeners. In joint work of the great frieze was Per aspera ad astra. An exhibition of his paintings in Vienna had a sensational success and made him famous, but he lost as a result of fraud led by the Vienna Art Society all his works. He fled to Egypt, where he drew huge temples. To win back his pictures, he went back to Vienna in 1897, planned to publish a journal Humanitas and organized a major exhibition. A circle of friends, where the pacifist Bertha von Suttner and the publicist Michael Georg Conrad belonged, supported his businesses. During this time gathered around him on the Himmelhof in Vienna, a community of up to 20 students or disciples, including at times the painter Frantisek Kupka , Konstantinos Parthenis and Gusto Graser and the subsequent animal rights Magnus Schwantje . The standards Diefenbach docked on himself and his followers were quite diverse, he himself lived at the same time in at least two relationships with women, he demanded from his followers absolute obedience and chastity, whose post has been inspected by him personally. The artists' commune, went bankrupt, and Diefenbach moved to the island of Capri, where he gained success and fame, while he was forgotten in Germany. He died there in 1913 at the age of 62 years as a result of intestinal obstruction.
[ edit ] Exhibitions and Honors
After his untimely death in 1913 his estate remained hidden for half a century, and exposed to decay. Only since the 1970s caused public museum for his works on Capri and in his hometown Hadamar. Of 29 October 2009 to 31 January 2010 was in an exhibition at the Museum Villa Stuck in Munich, his work made accessible again to the German public. [1]
1927 Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach was in Wien- Hietzing named after him.
[ edit ] Works
Thou shalt not kill, 1903
Per Aspera Ad Astra, 68 m long frieze (now in Diefenbach's birthplace Hadamar in the City Museum (in the castle Hadamar ) issued)
PER ASPERA AD ASTRA! A fairy tale life. Vienna 1893rd
A contribution to the history of contemporary art care. Vienna 1895th
Divine Youth. 1914
NN (Museo Diefenbach in the refectory of the Certosa di San Giacomo in Capri )
[ edit ] References
Alisio, Giancarlo: Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach 1851-1913. Dipinti da collezioni private. Electa Napoli. Edizioni La Conchiglia, 1995.
General Künstlerlexikon Bd 27, 2000, p. 221
Buchholz, Kai et al (eds): The reform of life. Proposals for the redesign of life and art around 1900. 2 volumes. Publisher Haeusser, Darmstadt 2,001th ISBN 3-89552-077-2
Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach. Per aspera ad astra: Shadow Fries and seal "of his life and dream image" notes Claudia Wagner. Recklinghausen, break-Verlag, 2nd Edition, 2007. Paperback, 75 pages, illustrated ISBN 978-3-93772601-4
Eley, Geoff and Retallack, James (eds.): Wilhelminism and Its Legacies. German Modernities, Imperialism and the Meanings of Reform, 1890-1930. Berghahn, New York / Oxford, 2003.
Fingerle-Trischler, Brigitte (ed.): Natural prophets in Freimann. Gusto Graser, Bruno Wersig and the effect of Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach. Accompanies the exhibit at the Cultural Mohr Villa Freimann of 8 January - 12 March 2010. Munich-Freimann 2010th
Frecot, Janos; mind, Johann Friedrich; curbs Diethart: Fidus, 1868-1948. To escape the bourgeois aesthetic practice movements. Munich: Rogner and Bernhard at Zweitausendeins; Affoltern: Book 2000th ISBN 3-8077-0359-4
Grisko, Michael (ed.): free body culture and life. Studies on pre-and early history of nudism. Kassel university press, Kassel 1999th ISBN 3-933146-06-2
Hammer, Claudia Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach, 1851-1913. Exhibition Catalogue Galerie Konrad Bayer, Munich 2003.
Kobel, Stefan Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach. The total work of art as a painter. MA thesis, Düsseldorf 1997th
Müller, Hermann (Ed.), Teacher Diefenbach Alpine hike. An artist and a rebel culture in the Karwendel 1895/1896. Wrap-Verlag, Recklinghausen 2004th ISBN 3-937726-00-4
Judge, Peter : The Jesus of Munich, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on Sunday 29th November 2009, p. 23
Schiano, Manuela: Alla ricerca della Sonnenland: la missione DI Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach, "Heliopolis", 1, settembre-dicembre 2002, pp. 89-103.
Schiano, Manuela: Conoscere KWDiefenbach, "Conoscere Capri", 7, 2008.
Schiano, Manuela: KWDiefenbach. Un artista senza patria, Tesi di laurea in storia moderna, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli 2,001th
Schiano, Manuela: Una stanza chiamata museo, "Nuova Museologia", 7 dicembre 2002, pp.23-26.
Spaun, Paul von (ed.): The case Diefenbach Trieste 1899th.
Todisco, Silvana: KW Diefenbach. Omnia vincit ars. Electa Napoli, Naples 1988th
Wagner, Claudia: The artist Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (1851-1913) - Master and mission. With a catalog of all known oil paintings. Dissertation at the Department of Art History at the Free University of Berlin, 2005. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2007/652
[ edit ] External links
Commons: Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach - collection of images, videos and audio files
Literature by and about Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach in the catalog of the German National Library
Biography
BR-articles Diefenbach
the exhibition at the Museum Villa Stuck, Munich
[ edit ] References
↑ Sunday newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine, 29 November 2009, page 23: The Jesus of Munich
Standard data: PND : 119423464 |
Richard
Born:
18th December 1869 in Artern
Died:
17th December 1958 in Stuttgart
Champion and organizer of the first nudist movement
Today it seems many of us as a matter of course, move around in the nude in nature, in the clubs or at the designated beaches. The number of nudists is great. Unfortunately, we forget what it cost at the beginning of battles, bear the thought of the hygienic and moral nakedness in public.
Even if today we have to "fight back", so yes, this struggle is an entirely different battle. No battle against dwindling membership numbers, but in general the struggle for the right to their naked bodies.
By 1900, a period of corsets and top hats, it was Richard storm, which occurred first in the wider public nudity.
All current work in the free body culture, we have some, thanks to a few courageous people whose earliest fighters storm was Richard.
Richard storm was on 18 Artern in December 1869, Thuringia, was born. The home education was the customs of that time, following strict. For years he worked in various nurseries as an assistant, including two years in Norway. Subsequently he was co-founder of a bread factory (Simon bread factory, but what a short time later went into bankruptcy), and then representatives.
In his spare time Richard made storm so his thoughts on life forms and life reforms, health, naturalness and beauty. His first articles appeared in the journal "Strength and beauty." It was followed by his book "Re-naked" people have become that much more intense already dealt with the nudism.
After the surprising success of his essays and his book, Richard tempest came up with the idea to present his thoughts on nudity in a larger book. And so in a relatively short period (4 weeks) the work "The nudity in historical development, health, moral and artistic lighting," in brief "The nudity called". as a book with such basic ideas could not expect to find a publisher, it first had to be printed at his own expense and risk.
His boldness with which he pursued his ideas and published, was not without consequences. Such were his works a slap in the face of the existing public morality, and called the prosecutor on the plan. All procedures were "unscathed" from Richard tempest.
The study, published in 1908 "Naked" refuted the objections of opponents and made them their own sins against true morality in mind - hence new processes came up to him, which he won again. Even if Richard tempest always did well in court, the processes were still financially devastating for him. He had a circulation Sieyes book "Culture and nakedness" (1911) to withdraw and rewrite (1912). Addition, there were still the legal costs, together about 20,000 mark for that time quite a large sum.
"After the publication of" nudity and ascent in 1925, the permanent display at police and prosecutors to finally be heard. Meanwhile, the theses had become common tempest of nudism.
Nude skiing Site hut Naked - 1909
In terms of the free body culture, we certainly owe much to Richard storm, but there's another side of Richard storm, a "dark" side. And these "dark" side is justified in his racism fantatischem.
(Quote) "The greater racial differences are now, the less can be a mixing of the races take place, because blood is excluded due to the large differences in a firm connection.
...
Because the blood of the inferior race in its simpler composition and other various components of the finer and nobler qualities of suppressed blood and overgrown. For the blood of the dark-bred (especially blacks and Jews) contains coarser and heavier components.
Mix different kind breeds consequently leads to the disintegration and demise of the breeds, especially the higher assessed. "(Quote - end)
Source: "Rise and nudity" - 1920 - Page 118
Richard was the first storm of the World War responsible impeller, the (quote) "destructive and subversive forces" (quote - end) of world Jewry. And he predicted the moral and cultural decline of the German-Germanic race, which is if not counteracted. With his abstruse theory of "blood difference," he distracted by the externals and tried one (racial) purity by - insane - to promote health issues.
1923 Richard took a charter change in the storm of 1911 he founded "Loge of the rising life" (later: "Trust covenant for rising life") by, taking up the notion of "racial hygiene". In this context, he urged its members not only to comply "race laws", but also a clear commitment to a political party. Many members disagreed with this reorientation thunderstorm and left the "Trust covenant."
1953 Richard became an honorary member storm the German Association for Free Body Culture (DFK) eV
1956 called on the tempest-INF Congress in Hanover an "honorarium" for his services to nudism. Adolf Koch joined the counter and said to him: "Have you forgotten how you've publicly called on the last Verbandstag of RFK in 1933:" Adolf Koch, when you throw out the Jews ""
Source: Book "free body culture in Germany" - 1999 - Page 17
Publications:
"Once people become naked" - 1903
"The nudity" - 1905
"Naked" - 1908/1909
"Culture and nudity - a claim" - 1911
"Nudity and culture - new demands" - 1912
"Nudity and advancement, targets for renewal ..." - 1919
"Nudity and Morality, paths to salvation ..." - 1925
and other publications in journals
Sources:
- "The Sun Man" - 11/1949
- "Rise and nudity" - 1920
back
18th December 1869 in Artern
Died:
17th December 1958 in Stuttgart
Champion and organizer of the first nudist movement
Today it seems many of us as a matter of course, move around in the nude in nature, in the clubs or at the designated beaches. The number of nudists is great. Unfortunately, we forget what it cost at the beginning of battles, bear the thought of the hygienic and moral nakedness in public.
Even if today we have to "fight back", so yes, this struggle is an entirely different battle. No battle against dwindling membership numbers, but in general the struggle for the right to their naked bodies.
By 1900, a period of corsets and top hats, it was Richard storm, which occurred first in the wider public nudity.
All current work in the free body culture, we have some, thanks to a few courageous people whose earliest fighters storm was Richard.
Richard storm was on 18 Artern in December 1869, Thuringia, was born. The home education was the customs of that time, following strict. For years he worked in various nurseries as an assistant, including two years in Norway. Subsequently he was co-founder of a bread factory (Simon bread factory, but what a short time later went into bankruptcy), and then representatives.
In his spare time Richard made storm so his thoughts on life forms and life reforms, health, naturalness and beauty. His first articles appeared in the journal "Strength and beauty." It was followed by his book "Re-naked" people have become that much more intense already dealt with the nudism.
After the surprising success of his essays and his book, Richard tempest came up with the idea to present his thoughts on nudity in a larger book. And so in a relatively short period (4 weeks) the work "The nudity in historical development, health, moral and artistic lighting," in brief "The nudity called". as a book with such basic ideas could not expect to find a publisher, it first had to be printed at his own expense and risk.
His boldness with which he pursued his ideas and published, was not without consequences. Such were his works a slap in the face of the existing public morality, and called the prosecutor on the plan. All procedures were "unscathed" from Richard tempest.
The study, published in 1908 "Naked" refuted the objections of opponents and made them their own sins against true morality in mind - hence new processes came up to him, which he won again. Even if Richard tempest always did well in court, the processes were still financially devastating for him. He had a circulation Sieyes book "Culture and nakedness" (1911) to withdraw and rewrite (1912). Addition, there were still the legal costs, together about 20,000 mark for that time quite a large sum.
"After the publication of" nudity and ascent in 1925, the permanent display at police and prosecutors to finally be heard. Meanwhile, the theses had become common tempest of nudism.
Nude skiing Site hut Naked - 1909
In terms of the free body culture, we certainly owe much to Richard storm, but there's another side of Richard storm, a "dark" side. And these "dark" side is justified in his racism fantatischem.
(Quote) "The greater racial differences are now, the less can be a mixing of the races take place, because blood is excluded due to the large differences in a firm connection.
...
Because the blood of the inferior race in its simpler composition and other various components of the finer and nobler qualities of suppressed blood and overgrown. For the blood of the dark-bred (especially blacks and Jews) contains coarser and heavier components.
Mix different kind breeds consequently leads to the disintegration and demise of the breeds, especially the higher assessed. "(Quote - end)
Source: "Rise and nudity" - 1920 - Page 118
Richard was the first storm of the World War responsible impeller, the (quote) "destructive and subversive forces" (quote - end) of world Jewry. And he predicted the moral and cultural decline of the German-Germanic race, which is if not counteracted. With his abstruse theory of "blood difference," he distracted by the externals and tried one (racial) purity by - insane - to promote health issues.
1923 Richard took a charter change in the storm of 1911 he founded "Loge of the rising life" (later: "Trust covenant for rising life") by, taking up the notion of "racial hygiene". In this context, he urged its members not only to comply "race laws", but also a clear commitment to a political party. Many members disagreed with this reorientation thunderstorm and left the "Trust covenant."
1953 Richard became an honorary member storm the German Association for Free Body Culture (DFK) eV
1956 called on the tempest-INF Congress in Hanover an "honorarium" for his services to nudism. Adolf Koch joined the counter and said to him: "Have you forgotten how you've publicly called on the last Verbandstag of RFK in 1933:" Adolf Koch, when you throw out the Jews ""
Source: Book "free body culture in Germany" - 1999 - Page 17
Publications:
"Once people become naked" - 1903
"The nudity" - 1905
"Naked" - 1908/1909
"Culture and nudity - a claim" - 1911
"Nudity and culture - new demands" - 1912
"Nudity and advancement, targets for renewal ..." - 1919
"Nudity and Morality, paths to salvation ..." - 1925
and other publications in journals
Sources:
- "The Sun Man" - 11/1949
- "Rise and nudity" - 1920
back
Richard Ungewitter
Richard tempest (* December 18 1869 in Artern , Province of Saxony , † December 17th 1958 in Stuttgart ) was a champion of the German nudist movement and one of its first organizers. Storm was nationalist ideas close.
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 Life
2 Awards and honors
3 plants
4 Literature
5 External links
[ edit ] Life
Storm was initially employed as a nursery assistant. Later he spent two years in Norway . Returned to Germany, he was a founder of the Simon bread factory . Once in this bankruptcy was gone, he worked as a sales representative.
By Henry Pudor , who under the pseudonym Heinrich published shame, he came to nudism, the then " naturism was called. " Today he is regarded as one of its early pioneers.
Storm won in 1903 by publishing a brochure entitled "Re-naked people who became" a certain degree of popularity. The magazine reached within a few years, with a circulation of nearly 100,000 copies. His first book, "The nudity" was published in full in January 1906 under the title "The nudity in historical development, health, moral and artistic vision." Repeated attempts to legal action against the book failed, the court invited the experts who testified in favor storm. So said Professor Theodor Lipps ( University of Munich ) in his report:
The nudist movement aiming at now is a widespread and, as such movements usually a kernel of good.
In the following years, Richard published another storm for the culture of nudity promotional books. The most famous of his works is the 1908 book "Naked".
Also in 1908 founded the storm "Association for hygienic, aesthetic and ethical culture." This second nudist group in Germany (after an association founded in 1898 in Essen ) had approximately 50 members, mainly in southern Germany .
Both his book "Naked" in 1910 and his book, "nudity and culture" were the subject of several years of legal disputes in which he was largely to enforce its interpretation of the law. Thus, the Trial Chamber III dismissed the Royal District Court in Stuttgart at the meeting of 24 April 1912 at the request of the Royal Prosecutor dismantlement of his book "Naked" back. This legal opinion of the Royal District Court, according to the naturist, illustrated publications are permitted, followed by all other democratic courts in Germany and other countries.
In 1911 he founded the "Lodge of the ascending life", which according to his statement on 17 June 1912 over 800 people belonged. In its regularly published magazine "confidential communications", the members sat undisturbed for nude bathing, Kleiderlosigkeit undisturbed and partially nude hikes for miles. In 1914 the name of the lodge in "good collar for rising life" has changed.
A storm in 1923 by Richard statutes enforced change resulted in a commitment to " racial hygiene "(see eugenics ), and also called for a commitment to a political party. The eugenic orientation was rejected by many members. Therefore, larger groups separated by the storm mainly dominated by federal trust, which then lost in importance.
In essence, this approach meant, however, no change in the original theories. Even in "nudity and Culture" (1910) wrote tempest: "Would any German woman often see a naked man Germanic, so would not run after so many exotic alien races "..." For the sake of healthy selection I therefore call on the nudist culture, Strong and healthy mate to be, but are not weaklings to reproduce. " (Storm, 1910, p.130)
Richard tempest passed away in December 1958 on the eve of his 89th Birthday in Stuttgart.
[ edit ] Awards and honors
1953 Honorary Membership in the German Association for Free Body Culture (DFK) eV
[ edit ] Works
Naked again become human, 1903
The nudity, 1905
Dietary heresies. The protein theory and its consequences, as a cause of illness, and their adoption of science-based, 1908
Naked. A Critical Study, 1909
Culture and nudity. A claim, 1911
Nudity and culture. New claims, 1913
Racial aggravation from Judah , 1919
Nudity and advancement. Goals for the renewal of the German people, 1920
Salvation or destruction of the German people. For German-born!, 1921
Nudity and morality. Ways to save the German people, 1925
From racial degeneration care. A wake-up call in the eleventh hour, 1934
Memorandum on Vaccination , 1938
As editor
The nudity in historical development, health, moral and artificial lighting, 1907 (reprinted 1907 and 1913 d. Ausg Stuttgart, Ger. Ärzte-Verl., Cologne 1979th ISBN 3-7691-1904-5 )
Germany's rebirth through blood and iron, 1916
[ edit ] References
George Schückler: Hazardous roots of the nudism movement. Kirchenhaß and anti-Semitism of Richard tempest, the "father of German nudist." covenant people waiting , Cologne Klettenberg 1953rd
Kai Buchholz et al (eds): The reform of life. Proposals for the redesign of life and art around 1900. Band 1 Publisher Haeusser, Darmstadt 2,001th ISBN 3-89552-077-2
Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe: "The New Man". Physical Culture in the Empire and the Weimar Republic. King & Neumann Verlag, Würzburg 2004th ISBN 3-8260-2772-8
Andreas Schmölling: Life traces of a light fighter. From work and work of Richard tempest (1868-1958), health reformer and pioneer of nudism in: Aratora 12 (2002), p. 16-49
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 Life
2 Awards and honors
3 plants
4 Literature
5 External links
[ edit ] Life
Storm was initially employed as a nursery assistant. Later he spent two years in Norway . Returned to Germany, he was a founder of the Simon bread factory . Once in this bankruptcy was gone, he worked as a sales representative.
By Henry Pudor , who under the pseudonym Heinrich published shame, he came to nudism, the then " naturism was called. " Today he is regarded as one of its early pioneers.
Storm won in 1903 by publishing a brochure entitled "Re-naked people who became" a certain degree of popularity. The magazine reached within a few years, with a circulation of nearly 100,000 copies. His first book, "The nudity" was published in full in January 1906 under the title "The nudity in historical development, health, moral and artistic vision." Repeated attempts to legal action against the book failed, the court invited the experts who testified in favor storm. So said Professor Theodor Lipps ( University of Munich ) in his report:
The nudist movement aiming at now is a widespread and, as such movements usually a kernel of good.
In the following years, Richard published another storm for the culture of nudity promotional books. The most famous of his works is the 1908 book "Naked".
Also in 1908 founded the storm "Association for hygienic, aesthetic and ethical culture." This second nudist group in Germany (after an association founded in 1898 in Essen ) had approximately 50 members, mainly in southern Germany .
Both his book "Naked" in 1910 and his book, "nudity and culture" were the subject of several years of legal disputes in which he was largely to enforce its interpretation of the law. Thus, the Trial Chamber III dismissed the Royal District Court in Stuttgart at the meeting of 24 April 1912 at the request of the Royal Prosecutor dismantlement of his book "Naked" back. This legal opinion of the Royal District Court, according to the naturist, illustrated publications are permitted, followed by all other democratic courts in Germany and other countries.
In 1911 he founded the "Lodge of the ascending life", which according to his statement on 17 June 1912 over 800 people belonged. In its regularly published magazine "confidential communications", the members sat undisturbed for nude bathing, Kleiderlosigkeit undisturbed and partially nude hikes for miles. In 1914 the name of the lodge in "good collar for rising life" has changed.
A storm in 1923 by Richard statutes enforced change resulted in a commitment to " racial hygiene "(see eugenics ), and also called for a commitment to a political party. The eugenic orientation was rejected by many members. Therefore, larger groups separated by the storm mainly dominated by federal trust, which then lost in importance.
In essence, this approach meant, however, no change in the original theories. Even in "nudity and Culture" (1910) wrote tempest: "Would any German woman often see a naked man Germanic, so would not run after so many exotic alien races "..." For the sake of healthy selection I therefore call on the nudist culture, Strong and healthy mate to be, but are not weaklings to reproduce. " (Storm, 1910, p.130)
Richard tempest passed away in December 1958 on the eve of his 89th Birthday in Stuttgart.
[ edit ] Awards and honors
1953 Honorary Membership in the German Association for Free Body Culture (DFK) eV
[ edit ] Works
Naked again become human, 1903
The nudity, 1905
Dietary heresies. The protein theory and its consequences, as a cause of illness, and their adoption of science-based, 1908
Naked. A Critical Study, 1909
Culture and nudity. A claim, 1911
Nudity and culture. New claims, 1913
Racial aggravation from Judah , 1919
Nudity and advancement. Goals for the renewal of the German people, 1920
Salvation or destruction of the German people. For German-born!, 1921
Nudity and morality. Ways to save the German people, 1925
From racial degeneration care. A wake-up call in the eleventh hour, 1934
Memorandum on Vaccination , 1938
As editor
The nudity in historical development, health, moral and artificial lighting, 1907 (reprinted 1907 and 1913 d. Ausg Stuttgart, Ger. Ärzte-Verl., Cologne 1979th ISBN 3-7691-1904-5 )
Germany's rebirth through blood and iron, 1916
[ edit ] References
George Schückler: Hazardous roots of the nudism movement. Kirchenhaß and anti-Semitism of Richard tempest, the "father of German nudist." covenant people waiting , Cologne Klettenberg 1953rd
Kai Buchholz et al (eds): The reform of life. Proposals for the redesign of life and art around 1900. Band 1 Publisher Haeusser, Darmstadt 2,001th ISBN 3-89552-077-2
Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe: "The New Man". Physical Culture in the Empire and the Weimar Republic. King & Neumann Verlag, Würzburg 2004th ISBN 3-8260-2772-8
Andreas Schmölling: Life traces of a light fighter. From work and work of Richard tempest (1868-1958), health reformer and pioneer of nudism in: Aratora 12 (2002), p. 16-49
August Engelhardt
August Engelhardt (* November 27 1875 in Nuremberg , † May 6th 1919 at Kabakon , now Papua New Guinea ) was a German , one of the new religious community founded.
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 Life before 1902
2 In German New Guinea
3 citations
4 Works
5 References
6 Literature
7 External links
[ edit ] Life before 1902
Engelhardt left the school early and completed a pharmacy teaching assistants . Due career he developed an interest in issues of healthy lifestyles, by the Reform Movement was propagated. In fall 1899 he joined the " fountain of youth "in Eckertal the resin to, an association of living close to nature, by the brothers Adolf and Rudolf Just was established and their basic principles vegetarianism and nudism were. The fountain of youth came a little later in legal complications that led to its dissolution, as the practice of nudism was considered illegal and immoral Adolf Just because ILLEGAL activity as a naturopath has been sentenced to prison. It is likely that these events led Engelhardt, a place away from the constraints and conventions of Europe seek to implement his ideas of a nature where life can be connected.
[ edit ] In German New Guinea
In the autumn of 1902 Engelhardt met in German New Guinea, one in the Pacific, where he the conditions that he had in hoping to find. He earned the second October by Emma-Forsayth Coes ("Queen Emma") Company Forsayth a coconut plantation of 75 hectares on the island Kabakon . He settled there as the only white man.
On Kabakon he implemented his ideas of nature-loving lifestyle into reality. He completely abandoned on clothes and fed exclusively vegetarian, mainly of coconuts. With sun and coconuts as pillars developed Engelhardt, a philosophy that increasingly religious took trains: Assuming that the sun is the venerable source of all life, he claimed that the coconut is the fruit of the sun grows closest to, and therefore the most perfect food of the people. This view, Kokovorismus called, culminated in Engelhardt's statement, the constant consumption of coconuts leads man into a godlike state of immortality.
Depending on Engelhardt's philosophy of working out Kokovorismus, the aberrant were his statements. He claimed, the finest organ in the human body is the brain, since it is the sun is closest, and he denied that such a noble part of the body its strength from the deep and dirty digestive tract get, and suggested instead that the brain relates from his energy the hair roots that are nourished by the sunlight would turn. For this reason the wearing of any head covering would be harmful.
Engelhardt is then urged to spread his views, and he wanted a community of like-minded Kabakon to gather around him, which he called "the Blazing Sun". To this end, he let it be known promotional literature in Europe. End of 1903 met the first one newcomer on the island of Helgoland Henry Aueckens vegetarians. Just six weeks later was Aueckens dead, the cause of death could not be determined.
August Engelhardt (standing) and Max Lützow
In July 1904, met Max Lützow on one Kabakon. Lutzow at the time was a famous conductor , violinist and pianist , brought by his civilization fatigue on Engelhardt's north island sun. He talked in glowing letters to Germany from his experiences on Kabakon and increased by the sudden interest in Engelhardt's sunny north.
In October 1903 an open letter published in the magazine Vegetarian Lützows waiting:
"Our company is communist, each settler is co-owner. I am absolutely delighted with Kabakon and did not think that there ever were a place on earth that satisfies all the requirements of my ideal so perfect. [...] I am convinced that everyone who comes here will remain here. " [1]
Other newcomers arrived on Kabakon, until the community involved at its height up to 30 members. However, disillusion quickly set one by disease and accidents. Max Lützow became seriously ill and was in the hospital in February 1905 Herbertshöhe seek, but only until he came to the island Lamassa , where he succumbed to the efforts of the boat in a storm.
Left to right: August Bethmann, Anna Schwab, and August Engelhardt
The other members of the Blazing Sun Kabakon left now, so that was Engelhardt's nudist community before the end, as the nature writer August Bethmann and his fiancée, Anna Schwab, arrived on the island. Together with them, Engelhardt made to it, to propagate his teachings again. Bethmann wrote enthusiastic reports about life on Kabakon, which were published in Germany.
In the meantime, however, also Engelhardt himself was ill. The German guest Willy Bradke, who arrived in March 1906 Kabakon reported by the unexpected Engelhardt's constitution. Only at the urging of Bethmann, he went to the hospital in Herbert height, where a shockingly poor health was found: Engelhardt weighed in at a height of 1.66 meters, only 39 pounds, suffered on the whole body to itch , many had skin ulcers and was from exhaustion no longer walk. Through intensive care, he recovered to return until he fled the hospital, returned to Kabakon and claimed, along with the pus of the ulcer were also the last unhealthy substances out of his body, which would have been prevented or that he in an "essential" condition could go on.
Bethmann himself began to doubt Engelhardt, and told a German official in June 1906 that he planned to flee to the next available steamer New Guinea. But before he could leave, he died of unknown causes. Since it was pre-empted a rift between him and Engelhardt, armed with a deadly result was not excluded, but never could be detected. Whether Bethmann's fiancée Schwab played a role in the dispute, is also unclear. Schwab left the island after Bethmann's death.
Engelhardt had continued to publish advertising material, but that seemed increasingly confused and abstruse. He announced to want to establish an "international tropical colonial empire of Fruktivorismus" of nudism and the sun-worship, which covers the entire Pacific , South America , Southeast Asia and Central Africa should include. As Engelhardt was on the German colonial administration the impression that insane to have become, she made sure that no more newcomers arrived more on his island. The Vegetarian waiting printed in October 1906 warning, which was against urgently from a trip to Kabakon. Nevertheless, Engelhardt was living from 1909 to a curious attraction for tourists , visited the German New Guinea. The plantation, operated since 1909 as Engelhardt & Co., he farmed with his manager Wilhelm Brandtke. In 1910 he tried to register a land of 50 hectares on the island Towalik (west of Kabakon) as his property in the land.
After the outbreak of the First World War, Engelhardt was first in 1915 in Rabaul interned, but was soon on the now Australian Kabakon return occupied. His coconut plantation, he had leased to Wilhelm Mirow, a German citizen with an Australian wife, and devoted himself to the study of indigenous medicinal plants and homeopathy .
Engelhardt died in early May 1919, his body was found on the sixth of May, and his burial place is unknown. Mirow was on 26 July 1919 appointed an executor acted, but insincere. Expropriation by the Australian Law on German property (expropriation ordinance), the remaining assets fell by £ 6 on 6 May 1920 the Australian State of prey.
[ edit ] Quotes
"Naked Kokovorismus is God's will. The pure coconut diet makes immortal and united with God. "
"The sun kokovore man is man, as he should be. The coconut is the philosopher's stone. What are universities against such a lifestyle? "
"The sun is first Kabakon colonize north, and from there the Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea and then the islands of the Pacific Ocean, including the tropical Central and South America, tropical Asia and equatorial Africa. I urge all lovers of nature and Fruktivoren modern lifestyle, helping with the construction of the temple of the Palm Fruktivorismus that must raise to participate in the formation of fruktivorischen Empire. "
[ edit ] Works
Bethmann, August, a worry-free future: operational experience counsels of a modern human nature, helping to solve the thorny question of the stomach, Remscheid A. Bethmann, 1898
(With August Bethmann) A worry-free future: The new gospel, and deep-fd wide selection of Humanity ... 5 views umgearb completely. and ADVANCED. Ed, with Herbert Kabakon Height: Bethmann & Engelhardt 1906
[ edit ] References
↑ Susanne Leinemann: The Order of the fruit-eaters, in: mare , no. 83, December 2010/January 2011, p. 55
[ edit ] References
Marc Buhl: The paradise of August Engelhardt, Eichborn, Frankfurt am Main, 2011 ISBN 978-3-8218-6148-7 .
Dieter Klein: German New Guinea as a Utopia. August Engelhardt and his northern sun.. In: Hermann Joseph Hiery (eds): The German South Seas 1884-1914. A book.. Schöningh, Paderborn ua 2001, ISBN 3-506-73912-3 , p. 450-458.
Una Voce - Journal of the Papua New Guinea Association of Australia. Issue 2 / 2005.
Karl Baumann: Biographical Guide German New Guinea 1882-1922 Fassberg 3 2009 (no ISBN), p. 123-125. "Engelhardt, August"
Sven Mönter: Following a South Seas dream: August Engelhardt and the sun north, Auckland, NZ: Research Centre for Germanic Connections with New Zealand and the Pacific, Univ. of Auckland, 2008, ISBN 0-9582345-7-4
Susanne Leinemann : The Order of the fruit-eaters, in: mare , no. 83, December 2010/January 2011, p. 52-55.
[ edit ] External links
Dornseif, Golf: A coconut-Acts as a savior of New Guinea
Horsten, Christina: The first German hippie, in: Sächsische Zeitung, 19 January 2010
Horsten, Christina, and Zeltner, Felix: The Holy Grail, in Süddeutsche Zeitung, 13 June 2009
Jacobs, Angelika: The pharmacy assistants August Engelhardt, in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft online
ZDF reported on A. Engelhardt and the sun north on 20 April, 2010 adventure South Seas, the third part of the documentary series The Empire of the German
Video of the complete broadcast contribution of 20 South Sea Adventure April 2010; about A. Engelhardt, about 3 minutes from about 12:00 and about 6 minutes minutes minutes approximately 29:55
Interview problems with the cinematic representation of the sun north nudists with director Sebastian Dehnhardt
n-tv article: Kokovorismus and free love
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 Life before 1902
2 In German New Guinea
3 citations
4 Works
5 References
6 Literature
7 External links
[ edit ] Life before 1902
Engelhardt left the school early and completed a pharmacy teaching assistants . Due career he developed an interest in issues of healthy lifestyles, by the Reform Movement was propagated. In fall 1899 he joined the " fountain of youth "in Eckertal the resin to, an association of living close to nature, by the brothers Adolf and Rudolf Just was established and their basic principles vegetarianism and nudism were. The fountain of youth came a little later in legal complications that led to its dissolution, as the practice of nudism was considered illegal and immoral Adolf Just because ILLEGAL activity as a naturopath has been sentenced to prison. It is likely that these events led Engelhardt, a place away from the constraints and conventions of Europe seek to implement his ideas of a nature where life can be connected.
[ edit ] In German New Guinea
In the autumn of 1902 Engelhardt met in German New Guinea, one in the Pacific, where he the conditions that he had in hoping to find. He earned the second October by Emma-Forsayth Coes ("Queen Emma") Company Forsayth a coconut plantation of 75 hectares on the island Kabakon . He settled there as the only white man.
On Kabakon he implemented his ideas of nature-loving lifestyle into reality. He completely abandoned on clothes and fed exclusively vegetarian, mainly of coconuts. With sun and coconuts as pillars developed Engelhardt, a philosophy that increasingly religious took trains: Assuming that the sun is the venerable source of all life, he claimed that the coconut is the fruit of the sun grows closest to, and therefore the most perfect food of the people. This view, Kokovorismus called, culminated in Engelhardt's statement, the constant consumption of coconuts leads man into a godlike state of immortality.
Depending on Engelhardt's philosophy of working out Kokovorismus, the aberrant were his statements. He claimed, the finest organ in the human body is the brain, since it is the sun is closest, and he denied that such a noble part of the body its strength from the deep and dirty digestive tract get, and suggested instead that the brain relates from his energy the hair roots that are nourished by the sunlight would turn. For this reason the wearing of any head covering would be harmful.
Engelhardt is then urged to spread his views, and he wanted a community of like-minded Kabakon to gather around him, which he called "the Blazing Sun". To this end, he let it be known promotional literature in Europe. End of 1903 met the first one newcomer on the island of Helgoland Henry Aueckens vegetarians. Just six weeks later was Aueckens dead, the cause of death could not be determined.
August Engelhardt (standing) and Max Lützow
In July 1904, met Max Lützow on one Kabakon. Lutzow at the time was a famous conductor , violinist and pianist , brought by his civilization fatigue on Engelhardt's north island sun. He talked in glowing letters to Germany from his experiences on Kabakon and increased by the sudden interest in Engelhardt's sunny north.
In October 1903 an open letter published in the magazine Vegetarian Lützows waiting:
"Our company is communist, each settler is co-owner. I am absolutely delighted with Kabakon and did not think that there ever were a place on earth that satisfies all the requirements of my ideal so perfect. [...] I am convinced that everyone who comes here will remain here. " [1]
Other newcomers arrived on Kabakon, until the community involved at its height up to 30 members. However, disillusion quickly set one by disease and accidents. Max Lützow became seriously ill and was in the hospital in February 1905 Herbertshöhe seek, but only until he came to the island Lamassa , where he succumbed to the efforts of the boat in a storm.
Left to right: August Bethmann, Anna Schwab, and August Engelhardt
The other members of the Blazing Sun Kabakon left now, so that was Engelhardt's nudist community before the end, as the nature writer August Bethmann and his fiancée, Anna Schwab, arrived on the island. Together with them, Engelhardt made to it, to propagate his teachings again. Bethmann wrote enthusiastic reports about life on Kabakon, which were published in Germany.
In the meantime, however, also Engelhardt himself was ill. The German guest Willy Bradke, who arrived in March 1906 Kabakon reported by the unexpected Engelhardt's constitution. Only at the urging of Bethmann, he went to the hospital in Herbert height, where a shockingly poor health was found: Engelhardt weighed in at a height of 1.66 meters, only 39 pounds, suffered on the whole body to itch , many had skin ulcers and was from exhaustion no longer walk. Through intensive care, he recovered to return until he fled the hospital, returned to Kabakon and claimed, along with the pus of the ulcer were also the last unhealthy substances out of his body, which would have been prevented or that he in an "essential" condition could go on.
Bethmann himself began to doubt Engelhardt, and told a German official in June 1906 that he planned to flee to the next available steamer New Guinea. But before he could leave, he died of unknown causes. Since it was pre-empted a rift between him and Engelhardt, armed with a deadly result was not excluded, but never could be detected. Whether Bethmann's fiancée Schwab played a role in the dispute, is also unclear. Schwab left the island after Bethmann's death.
Engelhardt had continued to publish advertising material, but that seemed increasingly confused and abstruse. He announced to want to establish an "international tropical colonial empire of Fruktivorismus" of nudism and the sun-worship, which covers the entire Pacific , South America , Southeast Asia and Central Africa should include. As Engelhardt was on the German colonial administration the impression that insane to have become, she made sure that no more newcomers arrived more on his island. The Vegetarian waiting printed in October 1906 warning, which was against urgently from a trip to Kabakon. Nevertheless, Engelhardt was living from 1909 to a curious attraction for tourists , visited the German New Guinea. The plantation, operated since 1909 as Engelhardt & Co., he farmed with his manager Wilhelm Brandtke. In 1910 he tried to register a land of 50 hectares on the island Towalik (west of Kabakon) as his property in the land.
After the outbreak of the First World War, Engelhardt was first in 1915 in Rabaul interned, but was soon on the now Australian Kabakon return occupied. His coconut plantation, he had leased to Wilhelm Mirow, a German citizen with an Australian wife, and devoted himself to the study of indigenous medicinal plants and homeopathy .
Engelhardt died in early May 1919, his body was found on the sixth of May, and his burial place is unknown. Mirow was on 26 July 1919 appointed an executor acted, but insincere. Expropriation by the Australian Law on German property (expropriation ordinance), the remaining assets fell by £ 6 on 6 May 1920 the Australian State of prey.
[ edit ] Quotes
"Naked Kokovorismus is God's will. The pure coconut diet makes immortal and united with God. "
"The sun kokovore man is man, as he should be. The coconut is the philosopher's stone. What are universities against such a lifestyle? "
"The sun is first Kabakon colonize north, and from there the Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea and then the islands of the Pacific Ocean, including the tropical Central and South America, tropical Asia and equatorial Africa. I urge all lovers of nature and Fruktivoren modern lifestyle, helping with the construction of the temple of the Palm Fruktivorismus that must raise to participate in the formation of fruktivorischen Empire. "
[ edit ] Works
Bethmann, August, a worry-free future: operational experience counsels of a modern human nature, helping to solve the thorny question of the stomach, Remscheid A. Bethmann, 1898
(With August Bethmann) A worry-free future: The new gospel, and deep-fd wide selection of Humanity ... 5 views umgearb completely. and ADVANCED. Ed, with Herbert Kabakon Height: Bethmann & Engelhardt 1906
[ edit ] References
↑ Susanne Leinemann: The Order of the fruit-eaters, in: mare , no. 83, December 2010/January 2011, p. 55
[ edit ] References
Marc Buhl: The paradise of August Engelhardt, Eichborn, Frankfurt am Main, 2011 ISBN 978-3-8218-6148-7 .
Dieter Klein: German New Guinea as a Utopia. August Engelhardt and his northern sun.. In: Hermann Joseph Hiery (eds): The German South Seas 1884-1914. A book.. Schöningh, Paderborn ua 2001, ISBN 3-506-73912-3 , p. 450-458.
Una Voce - Journal of the Papua New Guinea Association of Australia. Issue 2 / 2005.
Karl Baumann: Biographical Guide German New Guinea 1882-1922 Fassberg 3 2009 (no ISBN), p. 123-125. "Engelhardt, August"
Sven Mönter: Following a South Seas dream: August Engelhardt and the sun north, Auckland, NZ: Research Centre for Germanic Connections with New Zealand and the Pacific, Univ. of Auckland, 2008, ISBN 0-9582345-7-4
Susanne Leinemann : The Order of the fruit-eaters, in: mare , no. 83, December 2010/January 2011, p. 52-55.
[ edit ] External links
Dornseif, Golf: A coconut-Acts as a savior of New Guinea
Horsten, Christina: The first German hippie, in: Sächsische Zeitung, 19 January 2010
Horsten, Christina, and Zeltner, Felix: The Holy Grail, in Süddeutsche Zeitung, 13 June 2009
Jacobs, Angelika: The pharmacy assistants August Engelhardt, in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft online
ZDF reported on A. Engelhardt and the sun north on 20 April, 2010 adventure South Seas, the third part of the documentary series The Empire of the German
Video of the complete broadcast contribution of 20 South Sea Adventure April 2010; about A. Engelhardt, about 3 minutes from about 12:00 and about 6 minutes minutes minutes approximately 29:55
Interview problems with the cinematic representation of the sun north nudists with director Sebastian Dehnhardt
n-tv article: Kokovorismus and free love
Life Reform
Life reform is the generic term for several since the mid- 19th Century, especially from Germany and Switzerland outgoing reform movements , their criticism of the common features of industrialization or materialism and urbanization , coupled with a search for the natural state were. An overarching organization possessed the various movements are not, however, there were numerous associations. Whether the reform movements of the reform of life rather than modern or as anti-modern and reactionary are classified, is controversial in the literature, both theories are represented. [1]
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 General
2 Individual reform movements
2.1 Nature Medicine
Dress reform 2.2
2.3 nudism
2.4 Nutrition Reform
2.5 rural communes
3 Known Lebensreformer
4 Literature
5 External links
6 External links
[ edit ] General
The individual movements emerged in reaction to developments in Modernism , which they saw not as progress, but as signs of decay. Essential for their formation was the fear that modern society with the individual to "civilization damages" and diseases of civilization , lead by a return to "natural life" could be prevented and cured. "Man in his man-made emergency, however, should not be healed in the banal sense. The reform of life was his salvation, his redemption. (...) The world view of life includes reform at its core a secular Gnostic - eschatological . doctrine of salvation " [2]
Representatives of the life reform advocated a more natural lifestyle, organic farming , vegetarianism , dress reform , naturopathy , etc. and were reacting to the negative consequences from their point of view of social change in 19th Century. Spiritually, turned to life reform to new religious and spiritual beliefs, including Theosophy , Mazdaznan and yoga .
Her expression was the structural reform of life, first settlement in experiments such as the Monte Verita and afterwards in the garden city movement , such as the settlement Hellerau and many others, whose most famous representatives of the architect Heinrich Tessenow (1876-1950) was. The first was founded in Germany in 1893 the Fruit Growers Cooperative Eden at Oranienburg .
The reform was largely a life of bourgeois-dominated movement, which was attended by many women. In physical education it was to give under the impact of industrialization and urbanization of the human to compensate for a lot of fresh air and sunshine.
Some areas of the life reform movement, such as naturopathy or vegetarianism, were organized into associations and learned stimulate supply, which is reflected in the membership. [3] to distribute their content and principles they gave magazines like The naturopath or the vegetarian Wait out.
Reform were part of life beyond the naturism (nudism, naturism well) and the gymnastic movement . There are also close contacts with the land reform movement ( Adolf Damaschke , etc.), the Free Economy movement Silvio Gesell , for early youth movement and other social reform movements.
[ edit ] Individual reform movements
[ edit ] Naturopathy
The basic idea of natural medicine movement in the 19th Century are from Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who has his educational novel Émile or on Education in 1762 ushered in with the sentence: "Everything that comes out of the hands of the Creator is, well, everything degenerates in the hands of man." He urged a return to nature, according to lifestyle, postulated an endogenous "natural force" by the Resilience should be promoted, and refused medication.
As the first representative of the natural health movement are Prießnitz Vincent and Johann Schroth , both farmers and medical professionals. They sat at the bears their treatments only on natural remedies such as water, heat and air, and soon became known as "quacks", where they treated the same disease sometimes completely contradictory. An essential feature of the emerging natural medicine was the belief that the body dispose of self-healing powers, would be the only inspired and supported. This view went on Paracelsus back. The most famous healers of the 19th Century was Sebastian Kneipp . In German-speaking countries were so-called natural remedies established institutions. 1891, 131 of them organized in the Association of Naturopathic Associations. [4]
Central views of natural medicine called Meyers Lexikon end of the 19th Century: "The disease process they viewed as a healing process through which the vital act interfering substances under the sign of fever, inflammation of the fermentation and decay, ie by decomposition processes are rendered harmless. In this way, the natural medicine come so far, for example, measles , smallpox , scarlet fever to declare the nature of a certain age used in cleaning processes, the danger to life was first created by the fallible human race, and by the pharmaceutical medicine itself. " [5]
In 1883, the German Association of Natural Medicine and understandable for people's health care was founded. In 1900 he changed its name to the German Confederation of Associations for contemporary natural living and healing way. 1889 were in this umbrella organization with 142 local branches organized some 19,000 members, already in 1913 there were 885 clubs with 148,000 members. The association had a publishing house that published the journal Nature doctor.
The older method of alternative medicine homeopathy experienced a strong increase from 1870, which led to the founding of many homeopathic amateur clubs in Germany.
In the 1920s, naturopathy lost a total of popularity, the zenith of this movement was exceeded. An exception was only founded in 1897, Kneipp-Bund , in the 1960s had about 65,000 members. [4]
After 1933 the "German Life Reform Movement" brought into line and went into the Reich Association of Associations for contemporary natural living and healing ways of the Nazi party on. "The Nazis hoped that through the instrumentalization of life reform and natural contemporary medicine, the efficiency of the German people, its to increase racial 'health and physical robustness." [6] The Nazi Party, the inclusion of natural healing methods advocated in the general medicine under the term New German Medicine (NDH). The plans failed because of opposition from the medical profession but in the end. [4]
[ Edit ] dress reform
→ Main article: Reform clothes
In the context of life-reform movements there were in the second half of the 19th Century in Germany, several approaches to a reform of clothing, with the first considerations in relation to the men's clothing. Heated discussions were on the question of what material is particularly conducive to health. Gustav Jäger wool exclusively considered suitable, while Heinrich Lahmann advocated cotton and linen, especially Sebastian Kneipp. Hunter started his own clothing company for which he designed clothes for so-called normal men, which was quite successful for several decades on the market, not only in the German-speaking countries, but also in England. He started his own club and published a monthly magazine. [7]
Among the reform initiatives of women's clothes were mainly for the abolition of the corset , not only of the suffragettes was demanded, but also by some physicians strongly. The physician Samuel Thomas Sömmering in 1788 had written an essay titled "On the harm of Schnürbrüste". In the following decades, accumulated public speculation, the strong constriction leads to deformation of internal organs, especially the injury to the uterus, favoring constipation and can lead to a Schnürleber. Shortness of breath and were actually detected a tendency to fainting and a severely limited mobility. [7]
In the U.S., called Amelia Bloomer as one of the first women in 1850 a reform dress and wore it for some time. The American Reform movement failed. 1881 in England, the Rational Dress Society was founded in 1896 in Germany was followed by the General Association for the improvement of women's clothing with first 180 members. In 1900, renowned artist known artist designed the corset dresses, among other things, Henry van de Velde . These models were not intended for mass production. 1903, the Free Association for improvement of women's clothing, which was renamed in 1912 in German Association for women's clothing and women's culture. After 1910, the abandoned haute couture on the corset, without the women's fashion was thus convenient. It was not until the fuel shortage and a changing image of women at the time of the First World War ensured a strong change in women's clothing in the sense of the reformers. [7]
[ edit ] Naturism
→ main article: Naturism
Also, the nudist movement arose as a part of life-reform movements. The Swiss Arnold Rikli founded in 1853 a "sun sanatorium" and ordered his patients' light baths "without any clothing. In 1906 there were 105 in Germany so-called air baths.
As the real pioneer of nudism, namely non-hygienic, medical treatments, however, is the painter and cultural reformer Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (1851-1913), who with his students in the hermitage Höllriegelskreuth and later on the Himmelhof practiced in Vienna. Through him and against him came in 1888 for the first nudist process of history. Diefenbach worked as successor to Henry Pudor , Guntram Erich Pohl, Richard storm and Hugo Höppener- Fidus .
1891 Henry Pudor published a pamphlet titled Naked people. Rejoicing of the future where it nakedness praised as an antidote to the alleged degeneration of the people as a result of civilization. "Pudor combination of health advice, clothing reform, vegetarianism, anti-modernism and anti-Semitism found in the following years numerous imitators." [8] Even the nudist activist Richard tempest represented nationalist and anti-Semitic ideas. He founded in 1910 the lodge for rising life and appealed for "strict physical discipline" and "naked husband ', with the goal of healthy and to testify" racially pure "descendants. [8] Quote: If "see any German woman, often a naked Germanic man so not so many exotic alien races would go after. For the sake of healthy selection I therefore call on the nudist culture, so strong and healthy mate to come but not weaklings to reproduce. " [9]
Free from pornography and sexuality distanced themselves the leaders of the free body culture decided. "Until the '20s there was a broad movement into the nudist culture directed much more strongly to discipline, body control, self-control, (...) values, which were quite compatible with the Nazi ideology," the . historian Hans Bergemann [9] The civil nudist representatives criticized, although heavy, the general prudishness, representing but not themselves liberal views, but defined the term "immorality" in order for them the clothed man was immoral Hans Bergemann:.. "You have Simply put: it's the clothes that would be the sexualized body and the sultry first creates desire, and the opposite would have to undress themselves naked, then reduce sexual desire or you could control it better. " [9] Thus, it is be "And finally, be mentioned at this point that the modern bathing suit, this indecent clothing that makes you think, because it draws attention to violence in this certain place and with fingers pointing at them (...: in a nudist publication ) " [9] .
The supporters of the nudist movement, however, belonged to different ideological directions, even if the known journalist folkish-national. Funded by the nudist culture was walking bird movement, so that the sports association.
The gym teacher Adolf Koch was politically the camp of socialism and of social reform goals pursued within the working class. He also tried to sex education , physical strength and health advice. Koch founded the so-called "school body", who in the 1920s, far more supporters than the middle nudist groups. [10] in 1932 there were about 100,000 German Reich organized nudists, including about 70,000 in the body schools.
The conservative nudist groups founded in 1923 the Association of German frets light fighter, which was called from 1926 National Association for Free Body Culture (RFH). The groups formed the Socialist League for Socialist way of life and naturism. In March 1933 a decree to combat the "naked culture movement" was published. After the RFH to the Nazi state was known, was followed by the DC circuit and the renaming in the combat ring for ethnic nudism. [10]
[ edit ] Nutrition Reform
Another part of the reform of life was the food reform, which was closely related to ideas of natural medicine. The modern vegetarianism in Germany as a special variant of this movement can be viewed. The reformers rejected the changes in dietary habits in the 19 Century from which were related to the modernization of the food industry, falling prices for some products like sugar and white flour as well as the introduction of canned food and first finished products such as meat extract and bouillon cubes . The leaders of dietary reforms were physicians who considered the modern "civilized diet" as the main cause of many diseases. Just as natural foods are really healthy, so their argument. There was no unified theory of nutrition, together was the nutritional concepts of the reformers, however, the widespread absence of meat, the preference for raw vegetables and whole grains , and the rejection of stimulants such as tobacco, coffee, alcohol, but strong and of sugar and spices . [11]
The views of nutrition reformers were in contradiction to the theories of nutrition science in the late 19th Century, the animal protein is regarded as a major energy supplier to the human diet. The importance of vitamins was unknown.
Theodor Hahn wrote 1857/58 his book The natural diet and a little later, the Practical Handbook of nature-friendly way of healing, in which he whole-grain products, milk, raw vegetables and raw fruits than optimal foods labeled. Gustav Schlickeysen described the man as a fruit-eater and refused both cooked as also entirely from animal food. This theory now follow the Frutarian . Is known Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner , who not only cereal invented, but developed its own nutrition, the sun light food. The idea of diet reform were taken up mainly in health clinics and distributed. [11] A series of nutrition lessons today known as " alternative diets are designated "has its origin in that movement.
On the work of reformers also took nutrition Werner Kollath back, who published his 1942 masterpiece The order of our food. In it he described the "diet of civilization" as an inferior "half-diet", while unprocessed products "full value" were. His diet concept he called whole foods .
Vegetarianism became an independent movement that is also organized by clubs. An important representative was Gustav Struve , whose book vegetable diet. The foundation of a new philosophy appeared in 1869. The Rev. Edward Baltzer had 1867 in Nordhausen, founded the first association for contemporary natural living, who devoted himself especially in the aftermath of the diet. 1892 was the German Vegetarian Union, based in Leipzig. In 1912 there were 25 German vegetarian societies around 5000 members. [12]
In Germany and Austria is still active in the food trade reform houses date back to the Reform Movement.
[ edit ] rural communes
As a result of industrialization and urbanization occurred mainly within the educated middle class to a "romantic anti-urban agriculture" [13] and a real escape into the country under the slogan "back to nature". Some were satisfied with the system of allotments and moved into newly created garden cities , others founded by like-minded communities in the country with the aim to produce needed food largely self. The Marxist author Ulrich lens writes: "It was an anti-urban revolt urban, progressive-oriented intelligence, it was land and Agrarutopismus cult writers of the big city" [13] . Lens refers to this flow as a form of escapism . Within the municipalities were created in 1900, the reform ideas of the dominant life on healthy lifestyles and nutrition, also played alongside the idea of cooperatives and ideas for land reform a role.
He divided the country on the prevalent local belief in social reform, nationalist, anarcho-religious and evangelical. As a nationalist, for example, the settlement home country to be considered in Northern Brandenburg, but soon went down again. As an anarcho-social reform and religious settlement of the Monte Verita in Ascona. An example of a women's settlement was the black earths project near Darmstadt, the more likely the women's movement is attributed as the reform of life. The temporary popularity of the settlement idea leads lens primarily on political and economic crises of the German Empire in 1900 and fell again after the First World War.
Model for many rural communities, the vegetarian Eden Fruit settlement , which was founded in 1893 by 18 supporters of the reform of life near Oranienburg. The settlement area was called into homes and divided into leasehold initially assigned exclusively to vegetarians. For financial reasons, but from 1901 also included non-vegetarians and changed the name of profit in fruit growing settlement. The animal slaughter and sale of meat remained within Eden prohibited. Each home-serviced for themselves, and there were cooperative orchards as a source of income. 1894 Eden had 92 members, 22 homes were leased in 1895 it was 45th After a sharp decline in membership in 1900, the number again. 1930 there were 230 settlement houses and about 850 inhabitants. [13] [14] The products were to reform houses sold and naturopathic institutions. 1933, have long been ethnically oriented [15] Eden of the National Socialists brought into line , but still existed. Even in the GDR under the Eden brand continues to produce. The cooperative still exists and is active in various business areas.
A special form of the rural communes were the artists' colonies, for example, the Worpswede by Paula Modersohn-Becker or Höllriegelskreuth and Vienna by Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach . Particularly well known is the Monte Verita in Ascona in Switzerland, founded in 1900 as a sanatorium lebensreformerisches because many artists were staying here for some time.
[ edit ] Known Lebensreformer
Friedrich Eduard Bilz
Maximilian Bircher-Benner
William Bölsche
Otto Buchinger
Karl Buschhüter
Carl Buttenstedt
Adolf Damaschke
Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach
Fidus (Hugo Höppener)
Dückelmann Anna Fischer , author of Woman as Family Doctor
Gustav grasses
Gustav Jäger
Sebastian Kneipp
Heinrich Lahmann
Robert Laurer
Gustav Lilienthal
Arnold Rikli
Paul Schirrmeister
Karl Schmidt-Hellerau
Moritz Schreber
John Ude
Bruno Wille
Hans Paasche
[ edit ] References
Uwe Heyll: water, fasting, air and light. The history of natural medicine in Germany. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 3-593-37955-4 .
Florentine Fritzen "Healthier Life." The Reform Movement in the 20th Century. Steiner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-515-08790-7
Judith Baumgartner and Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe : risers, side paths, byways. Searching movements and subcultures in the 20th Century. Festschrift for Ulrich lens . Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg 2004, ISBN 3-8260-2883-X
Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe: "The New Man". Physical Culture in the Empire and the Weimar Republic. Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg 2004, ISBN 3-8260-2772-8
Renate Foitzik Kirchgraber: Life and reform groups of artists in 1900. Dissertation Basel 2003rd Online: Life Reform and groups of artists in 1900 .
The reform of life. Proposals for the redesign of life and art around 1900. Edited by Kai Buchholz, Rita Latocha, Hilke Peckmann and Klaus Wolbert. Catalogue of the exhibition at the Institute Mathildenhöhe. Darmstadt 2001, ISBN 3-89552-081-0 .
Diethart curbs / Jürgen Reulecke: Handbook of German reform movements from 1880 to 1933. Hammer, Wuppertal, Germany 1998, ISBN 3-87294-787-7 .
Ulrich Lens: The "natural" life. The reform of life. In: Richard van Dulmen (Eds.): The invention of man. Creation dreams and images of the body from 1500 to 2000. Böhlau, Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-205-98873-6 , p. 435-456.
Eva Barlösius: Nature-friendly lifestyle. On the history of life around the turn of the century reform. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-593-35759-3 .
Cornelia Regin: Self-help and health policy. The natural healing movement in the Empire (1889 to 1914). Steiner, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-515-06432-X .
Wolfgang R. Krabbe: "The ideology of the German Reform Movement's National Socialism." In order to fit an alternative flow in the Third Reich. In: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 71 (1989), p. 431-461.
Claus Bernet: Life Reform in Upper Franconia. Hans classes and the municipality of New Sonnenfeld. In: Yearbook of Franconia geography 67 (2007), p. 241-354.
Corona Hepp: avant-garde. Modern art, cultural criticism and reform movements that followed the turn of the century. German history, the latest period of 19 Century to the present. Munich 1987, ISBN 3-423-04514-0 .
Wolfgang R. Krabbe: social change through reform of life. Structural features of a social reform movement in Germany during the industrialization period. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1974, ISBN 3-525-31813-8 .
Ulrich lens: Barefoot Prophet. Saviour of the Twenties. Siedler, Berlin 1983, ISBN 3-88680-088-1 .
Lens Ulrich (ed.): Back, O Man, to Mother Earth. Rural communes in Germany 1890-1933. DTV, München 1983, ISBN 3-423-02934-X .
[ edit ] External links
Lebensreform database , database of newspaper and magazine articles and articles in books and in conference proceedings
Life Reform in Switzerland , online project
[ edit ] References
↑ Henning Eichberg: nudist culture, life reform, physical culture - New research literature and methodological issues (pdf)
↑ Wolfgang R. Krabbe: reform of life / self-reform. In: Diethart curbs , Reulecke Jürgen (ed.): Handbook of German reform movements, 1880-1933, p. 74
↑ See: Eva Barlösius: Nature-friendly lifestyle
↑ a b c Wolfgang R. Krabbe: natural health movement. In: Kerbs / Reulecke, p. 77 ff
↑ articles naturopathy. In: Meyers Lexikon, circa 1895
↑ crab, natural healing movement, p. 82
↑ a b c Karen Ellwanger, Elisabeth Meyer-Renschhausen: dress reform. In: Kerbs / Reulecke, p. 87 ff
↑ a b Rolf Koerber: nudism. In: Kerbs / Reulecke, p. 105
↑ a b c d Arna Bird: If the shells fall - History of nudism
↑ a b Koerber, nudism, p. 103 ff
↑ a b Judith Baumgartner diet reform. In: Kerbs / Reulecke, p. 15 ff
↑ Judith Baumgartner vegetarianism. In: Kerbs / Reulecke, p. 127 ff
↑ a b c Ulrich lens: Rural municipalities in Germany, 1890-1933 (excerpt)
↑ Werner Onken: Model experiments with social obligation land and money (pdf)
↑ George L. Mosse : The Nationalist Revolution. About the intellectual roots of National Socialism. Hain, Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-445-04765-0 , p. 123f.
Contents
[Verbergen]
1 General
2 Individual reform movements
2.1 Nature Medicine
Dress reform 2.2
2.3 nudism
2.4 Nutrition Reform
2.5 rural communes
3 Known Lebensreformer
4 Literature
5 External links
6 External links
[ edit ] General
The individual movements emerged in reaction to developments in Modernism , which they saw not as progress, but as signs of decay. Essential for their formation was the fear that modern society with the individual to "civilization damages" and diseases of civilization , lead by a return to "natural life" could be prevented and cured. "Man in his man-made emergency, however, should not be healed in the banal sense. The reform of life was his salvation, his redemption. (...) The world view of life includes reform at its core a secular Gnostic - eschatological . doctrine of salvation " [2]
Representatives of the life reform advocated a more natural lifestyle, organic farming , vegetarianism , dress reform , naturopathy , etc. and were reacting to the negative consequences from their point of view of social change in 19th Century. Spiritually, turned to life reform to new religious and spiritual beliefs, including Theosophy , Mazdaznan and yoga .
Her expression was the structural reform of life, first settlement in experiments such as the Monte Verita and afterwards in the garden city movement , such as the settlement Hellerau and many others, whose most famous representatives of the architect Heinrich Tessenow (1876-1950) was. The first was founded in Germany in 1893 the Fruit Growers Cooperative Eden at Oranienburg .
The reform was largely a life of bourgeois-dominated movement, which was attended by many women. In physical education it was to give under the impact of industrialization and urbanization of the human to compensate for a lot of fresh air and sunshine.
Some areas of the life reform movement, such as naturopathy or vegetarianism, were organized into associations and learned stimulate supply, which is reflected in the membership. [3] to distribute their content and principles they gave magazines like The naturopath or the vegetarian Wait out.
Reform were part of life beyond the naturism (nudism, naturism well) and the gymnastic movement . There are also close contacts with the land reform movement ( Adolf Damaschke , etc.), the Free Economy movement Silvio Gesell , for early youth movement and other social reform movements.
[ edit ] Individual reform movements
[ edit ] Naturopathy
The basic idea of natural medicine movement in the 19th Century are from Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who has his educational novel Émile or on Education in 1762 ushered in with the sentence: "Everything that comes out of the hands of the Creator is, well, everything degenerates in the hands of man." He urged a return to nature, according to lifestyle, postulated an endogenous "natural force" by the Resilience should be promoted, and refused medication.
As the first representative of the natural health movement are Prießnitz Vincent and Johann Schroth , both farmers and medical professionals. They sat at the bears their treatments only on natural remedies such as water, heat and air, and soon became known as "quacks", where they treated the same disease sometimes completely contradictory. An essential feature of the emerging natural medicine was the belief that the body dispose of self-healing powers, would be the only inspired and supported. This view went on Paracelsus back. The most famous healers of the 19th Century was Sebastian Kneipp . In German-speaking countries were so-called natural remedies established institutions. 1891, 131 of them organized in the Association of Naturopathic Associations. [4]
Central views of natural medicine called Meyers Lexikon end of the 19th Century: "The disease process they viewed as a healing process through which the vital act interfering substances under the sign of fever, inflammation of the fermentation and decay, ie by decomposition processes are rendered harmless. In this way, the natural medicine come so far, for example, measles , smallpox , scarlet fever to declare the nature of a certain age used in cleaning processes, the danger to life was first created by the fallible human race, and by the pharmaceutical medicine itself. " [5]
In 1883, the German Association of Natural Medicine and understandable for people's health care was founded. In 1900 he changed its name to the German Confederation of Associations for contemporary natural living and healing way. 1889 were in this umbrella organization with 142 local branches organized some 19,000 members, already in 1913 there were 885 clubs with 148,000 members. The association had a publishing house that published the journal Nature doctor.
The older method of alternative medicine homeopathy experienced a strong increase from 1870, which led to the founding of many homeopathic amateur clubs in Germany.
In the 1920s, naturopathy lost a total of popularity, the zenith of this movement was exceeded. An exception was only founded in 1897, Kneipp-Bund , in the 1960s had about 65,000 members. [4]
After 1933 the "German Life Reform Movement" brought into line and went into the Reich Association of Associations for contemporary natural living and healing ways of the Nazi party on. "The Nazis hoped that through the instrumentalization of life reform and natural contemporary medicine, the efficiency of the German people, its to increase racial 'health and physical robustness." [6] The Nazi Party, the inclusion of natural healing methods advocated in the general medicine under the term New German Medicine (NDH). The plans failed because of opposition from the medical profession but in the end. [4]
[ Edit ] dress reform
→ Main article: Reform clothes
In the context of life-reform movements there were in the second half of the 19th Century in Germany, several approaches to a reform of clothing, with the first considerations in relation to the men's clothing. Heated discussions were on the question of what material is particularly conducive to health. Gustav Jäger wool exclusively considered suitable, while Heinrich Lahmann advocated cotton and linen, especially Sebastian Kneipp. Hunter started his own clothing company for which he designed clothes for so-called normal men, which was quite successful for several decades on the market, not only in the German-speaking countries, but also in England. He started his own club and published a monthly magazine. [7]
Among the reform initiatives of women's clothes were mainly for the abolition of the corset , not only of the suffragettes was demanded, but also by some physicians strongly. The physician Samuel Thomas Sömmering in 1788 had written an essay titled "On the harm of Schnürbrüste". In the following decades, accumulated public speculation, the strong constriction leads to deformation of internal organs, especially the injury to the uterus, favoring constipation and can lead to a Schnürleber. Shortness of breath and were actually detected a tendency to fainting and a severely limited mobility. [7]
In the U.S., called Amelia Bloomer as one of the first women in 1850 a reform dress and wore it for some time. The American Reform movement failed. 1881 in England, the Rational Dress Society was founded in 1896 in Germany was followed by the General Association for the improvement of women's clothing with first 180 members. In 1900, renowned artist known artist designed the corset dresses, among other things, Henry van de Velde . These models were not intended for mass production. 1903, the Free Association for improvement of women's clothing, which was renamed in 1912 in German Association for women's clothing and women's culture. After 1910, the abandoned haute couture on the corset, without the women's fashion was thus convenient. It was not until the fuel shortage and a changing image of women at the time of the First World War ensured a strong change in women's clothing in the sense of the reformers. [7]
[ edit ] Naturism
→ main article: Naturism
Also, the nudist movement arose as a part of life-reform movements. The Swiss Arnold Rikli founded in 1853 a "sun sanatorium" and ordered his patients' light baths "without any clothing. In 1906 there were 105 in Germany so-called air baths.
As the real pioneer of nudism, namely non-hygienic, medical treatments, however, is the painter and cultural reformer Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (1851-1913), who with his students in the hermitage Höllriegelskreuth and later on the Himmelhof practiced in Vienna. Through him and against him came in 1888 for the first nudist process of history. Diefenbach worked as successor to Henry Pudor , Guntram Erich Pohl, Richard storm and Hugo Höppener- Fidus .
1891 Henry Pudor published a pamphlet titled Naked people. Rejoicing of the future where it nakedness praised as an antidote to the alleged degeneration of the people as a result of civilization. "Pudor combination of health advice, clothing reform, vegetarianism, anti-modernism and anti-Semitism found in the following years numerous imitators." [8] Even the nudist activist Richard tempest represented nationalist and anti-Semitic ideas. He founded in 1910 the lodge for rising life and appealed for "strict physical discipline" and "naked husband ', with the goal of healthy and to testify" racially pure "descendants. [8] Quote: If "see any German woman, often a naked Germanic man so not so many exotic alien races would go after. For the sake of healthy selection I therefore call on the nudist culture, so strong and healthy mate to come but not weaklings to reproduce. " [9]
Free from pornography and sexuality distanced themselves the leaders of the free body culture decided. "Until the '20s there was a broad movement into the nudist culture directed much more strongly to discipline, body control, self-control, (...) values, which were quite compatible with the Nazi ideology," the . historian Hans Bergemann [9] The civil nudist representatives criticized, although heavy, the general prudishness, representing but not themselves liberal views, but defined the term "immorality" in order for them the clothed man was immoral Hans Bergemann:.. "You have Simply put: it's the clothes that would be the sexualized body and the sultry first creates desire, and the opposite would have to undress themselves naked, then reduce sexual desire or you could control it better. " [9] Thus, it is be "And finally, be mentioned at this point that the modern bathing suit, this indecent clothing that makes you think, because it draws attention to violence in this certain place and with fingers pointing at them (...: in a nudist publication ) " [9] .
The supporters of the nudist movement, however, belonged to different ideological directions, even if the known journalist folkish-national. Funded by the nudist culture was walking bird movement, so that the sports association.
The gym teacher Adolf Koch was politically the camp of socialism and of social reform goals pursued within the working class. He also tried to sex education , physical strength and health advice. Koch founded the so-called "school body", who in the 1920s, far more supporters than the middle nudist groups. [10] in 1932 there were about 100,000 German Reich organized nudists, including about 70,000 in the body schools.
The conservative nudist groups founded in 1923 the Association of German frets light fighter, which was called from 1926 National Association for Free Body Culture (RFH). The groups formed the Socialist League for Socialist way of life and naturism. In March 1933 a decree to combat the "naked culture movement" was published. After the RFH to the Nazi state was known, was followed by the DC circuit and the renaming in the combat ring for ethnic nudism. [10]
[ edit ] Nutrition Reform
Another part of the reform of life was the food reform, which was closely related to ideas of natural medicine. The modern vegetarianism in Germany as a special variant of this movement can be viewed. The reformers rejected the changes in dietary habits in the 19 Century from which were related to the modernization of the food industry, falling prices for some products like sugar and white flour as well as the introduction of canned food and first finished products such as meat extract and bouillon cubes . The leaders of dietary reforms were physicians who considered the modern "civilized diet" as the main cause of many diseases. Just as natural foods are really healthy, so their argument. There was no unified theory of nutrition, together was the nutritional concepts of the reformers, however, the widespread absence of meat, the preference for raw vegetables and whole grains , and the rejection of stimulants such as tobacco, coffee, alcohol, but strong and of sugar and spices . [11]
The views of nutrition reformers were in contradiction to the theories of nutrition science in the late 19th Century, the animal protein is regarded as a major energy supplier to the human diet. The importance of vitamins was unknown.
Theodor Hahn wrote 1857/58 his book The natural diet and a little later, the Practical Handbook of nature-friendly way of healing, in which he whole-grain products, milk, raw vegetables and raw fruits than optimal foods labeled. Gustav Schlickeysen described the man as a fruit-eater and refused both cooked as also entirely from animal food. This theory now follow the Frutarian . Is known Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner , who not only cereal invented, but developed its own nutrition, the sun light food. The idea of diet reform were taken up mainly in health clinics and distributed. [11] A series of nutrition lessons today known as " alternative diets are designated "has its origin in that movement.
On the work of reformers also took nutrition Werner Kollath back, who published his 1942 masterpiece The order of our food. In it he described the "diet of civilization" as an inferior "half-diet", while unprocessed products "full value" were. His diet concept he called whole foods .
Vegetarianism became an independent movement that is also organized by clubs. An important representative was Gustav Struve , whose book vegetable diet. The foundation of a new philosophy appeared in 1869. The Rev. Edward Baltzer had 1867 in Nordhausen, founded the first association for contemporary natural living, who devoted himself especially in the aftermath of the diet. 1892 was the German Vegetarian Union, based in Leipzig. In 1912 there were 25 German vegetarian societies around 5000 members. [12]
In Germany and Austria is still active in the food trade reform houses date back to the Reform Movement.
[ edit ] rural communes
As a result of industrialization and urbanization occurred mainly within the educated middle class to a "romantic anti-urban agriculture" [13] and a real escape into the country under the slogan "back to nature". Some were satisfied with the system of allotments and moved into newly created garden cities , others founded by like-minded communities in the country with the aim to produce needed food largely self. The Marxist author Ulrich lens writes: "It was an anti-urban revolt urban, progressive-oriented intelligence, it was land and Agrarutopismus cult writers of the big city" [13] . Lens refers to this flow as a form of escapism . Within the municipalities were created in 1900, the reform ideas of the dominant life on healthy lifestyles and nutrition, also played alongside the idea of cooperatives and ideas for land reform a role.
He divided the country on the prevalent local belief in social reform, nationalist, anarcho-religious and evangelical. As a nationalist, for example, the settlement home country to be considered in Northern Brandenburg, but soon went down again. As an anarcho-social reform and religious settlement of the Monte Verita in Ascona. An example of a women's settlement was the black earths project near Darmstadt, the more likely the women's movement is attributed as the reform of life. The temporary popularity of the settlement idea leads lens primarily on political and economic crises of the German Empire in 1900 and fell again after the First World War.
Model for many rural communities, the vegetarian Eden Fruit settlement , which was founded in 1893 by 18 supporters of the reform of life near Oranienburg. The settlement area was called into homes and divided into leasehold initially assigned exclusively to vegetarians. For financial reasons, but from 1901 also included non-vegetarians and changed the name of profit in fruit growing settlement. The animal slaughter and sale of meat remained within Eden prohibited. Each home-serviced for themselves, and there were cooperative orchards as a source of income. 1894 Eden had 92 members, 22 homes were leased in 1895 it was 45th After a sharp decline in membership in 1900, the number again. 1930 there were 230 settlement houses and about 850 inhabitants. [13] [14] The products were to reform houses sold and naturopathic institutions. 1933, have long been ethnically oriented [15] Eden of the National Socialists brought into line , but still existed. Even in the GDR under the Eden brand continues to produce. The cooperative still exists and is active in various business areas.
A special form of the rural communes were the artists' colonies, for example, the Worpswede by Paula Modersohn-Becker or Höllriegelskreuth and Vienna by Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach . Particularly well known is the Monte Verita in Ascona in Switzerland, founded in 1900 as a sanatorium lebensreformerisches because many artists were staying here for some time.
[ edit ] Known Lebensreformer
Friedrich Eduard Bilz
Maximilian Bircher-Benner
William Bölsche
Otto Buchinger
Karl Buschhüter
Carl Buttenstedt
Adolf Damaschke
Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach
Fidus (Hugo Höppener)
Dückelmann Anna Fischer , author of Woman as Family Doctor
Gustav grasses
Gustav Jäger
Sebastian Kneipp
Heinrich Lahmann
Robert Laurer
Gustav Lilienthal
Arnold Rikli
Paul Schirrmeister
Karl Schmidt-Hellerau
Moritz Schreber
John Ude
Bruno Wille
Hans Paasche
[ edit ] References
Uwe Heyll: water, fasting, air and light. The history of natural medicine in Germany. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 3-593-37955-4 .
Florentine Fritzen "Healthier Life." The Reform Movement in the 20th Century. Steiner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-515-08790-7
Judith Baumgartner and Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe : risers, side paths, byways. Searching movements and subcultures in the 20th Century. Festschrift for Ulrich lens . Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg 2004, ISBN 3-8260-2883-X
Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe: "The New Man". Physical Culture in the Empire and the Weimar Republic. Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg 2004, ISBN 3-8260-2772-8
Renate Foitzik Kirchgraber: Life and reform groups of artists in 1900. Dissertation Basel 2003rd Online: Life Reform and groups of artists in 1900 .
The reform of life. Proposals for the redesign of life and art around 1900. Edited by Kai Buchholz, Rita Latocha, Hilke Peckmann and Klaus Wolbert. Catalogue of the exhibition at the Institute Mathildenhöhe. Darmstadt 2001, ISBN 3-89552-081-0 .
Diethart curbs / Jürgen Reulecke: Handbook of German reform movements from 1880 to 1933. Hammer, Wuppertal, Germany 1998, ISBN 3-87294-787-7 .
Ulrich Lens: The "natural" life. The reform of life. In: Richard van Dulmen (Eds.): The invention of man. Creation dreams and images of the body from 1500 to 2000. Böhlau, Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-205-98873-6 , p. 435-456.
Eva Barlösius: Nature-friendly lifestyle. On the history of life around the turn of the century reform. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-593-35759-3 .
Cornelia Regin: Self-help and health policy. The natural healing movement in the Empire (1889 to 1914). Steiner, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-515-06432-X .
Wolfgang R. Krabbe: "The ideology of the German Reform Movement's National Socialism." In order to fit an alternative flow in the Third Reich. In: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 71 (1989), p. 431-461.
Claus Bernet: Life Reform in Upper Franconia. Hans classes and the municipality of New Sonnenfeld. In: Yearbook of Franconia geography 67 (2007), p. 241-354.
Corona Hepp: avant-garde. Modern art, cultural criticism and reform movements that followed the turn of the century. German history, the latest period of 19 Century to the present. Munich 1987, ISBN 3-423-04514-0 .
Wolfgang R. Krabbe: social change through reform of life. Structural features of a social reform movement in Germany during the industrialization period. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1974, ISBN 3-525-31813-8 .
Ulrich lens: Barefoot Prophet. Saviour of the Twenties. Siedler, Berlin 1983, ISBN 3-88680-088-1 .
Lens Ulrich (ed.): Back, O Man, to Mother Earth. Rural communes in Germany 1890-1933. DTV, München 1983, ISBN 3-423-02934-X .
[ edit ] External links
Lebensreform database , database of newspaper and magazine articles and articles in books and in conference proceedings
Life Reform in Switzerland , online project
[ edit ] References
↑ Henning Eichberg: nudist culture, life reform, physical culture - New research literature and methodological issues (pdf)
↑ Wolfgang R. Krabbe: reform of life / self-reform. In: Diethart curbs , Reulecke Jürgen (ed.): Handbook of German reform movements, 1880-1933, p. 74
↑ See: Eva Barlösius: Nature-friendly lifestyle
↑ a b c Wolfgang R. Krabbe: natural health movement. In: Kerbs / Reulecke, p. 77 ff
↑ articles naturopathy. In: Meyers Lexikon, circa 1895
↑ crab, natural healing movement, p. 82
↑ a b c Karen Ellwanger, Elisabeth Meyer-Renschhausen: dress reform. In: Kerbs / Reulecke, p. 87 ff
↑ a b Rolf Koerber: nudism. In: Kerbs / Reulecke, p. 105
↑ a b c d Arna Bird: If the shells fall - History of nudism
↑ a b Koerber, nudism, p. 103 ff
↑ a b Judith Baumgartner diet reform. In: Kerbs / Reulecke, p. 15 ff
↑ Judith Baumgartner vegetarianism. In: Kerbs / Reulecke, p. 127 ff
↑ a b c Ulrich lens: Rural municipalities in Germany, 1890-1933 (excerpt)
↑ Werner Onken: Model experiments with social obligation land and money (pdf)
↑ George L. Mosse : The Nationalist Revolution. About the intellectual roots of National Socialism. Hain, Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-445-04765-0 , p. 123f.
Adolf Hubert Karl Koch
Born:
09.04.1896 in Berlin
Died:
07/02/1970
Father, Karl Koch, a skilled carpenter, was a fireman, with Adolf described him in his CV as "Fire Chief". Mother Pauline Koch, Krause was born, a housewife and mother. Adolf had a younger sister and a half years. Growing up the two in the Berlin district of Kreuzberg, in the hail Berger Straße 26
Enrollment in 1902, with completion in 1903 elementary school in 1911.
On 14 September the same year Adolf Koch was confirmed in the Lutheran Church Passion (2).
After finishing elementary school, Adolf Koch entered the preparatory school (3) of Kyritz (4). This training, he broke off in 1914 and volunteered as a volunteer. He was not obsessed with the war, but saw this as an opportunity and the constraints of the strict order to escape the prison-like boarding school.
Adolf Koch was employed as a medic (nurse). His service he performed in various hospitals in France and Russia (5). All supervisors were pleased with the work of Adolf Koch very satisfied.
These services have been outstanding on 16.01.1916 honored "with the" Red Cross medal third class - a high honor for a simple soldier.
After the end of World War II, Adolf Koch returned to Berlin and took in the spring 1919 the teacher training broken up again, which he in autumn 1920 with the first State Examination concluded.
In addition to training for elementary school teachers began Adolf Koch also "studying at the" Royal Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, now the Humboldt University in Berlin. He was enrolled on 03.06.1919 under the registration number 5537109 and a member of the Faculty of Arts (6). Adolf Koch in a resume are the subjects of education and medicine. His studies "was the theme of" hygiene, as evidenced by the documented classes, including two later on the "psychology of women" by Professor Lipmann, on which Adolf Koch in his own lectures always comes back.
One can certainly note that Adolf Koch had to do until 1919 with the nudism nothing.
Only with the topic of "hygiene" Adolf Koch began to be interested and for nudism. He read nudist magazines, like "The Beauty" and visited with nude cabaret dancing. In the latter especially was a cook by the expressiveness and elegance of dance by Della de Waal (7) is fascinating.
Directly after his teacher training (September 1920) Adolf Koch went to the teaching profession and was the 4th grade teacher Girls' class at a primary school in Berlin-Kreuzberg (Cottbus goal). He immediately tried to realize his reformist ideas of a "new education". This included inter alia the relationship between mind and body to provide a new basis. The school physical education was treated very unkindly to his opinion and was limited to uniform and boring exercises. Added to this was the lack of personal hygiene, which he complained:
Quote - Koch:
"There is a widespread habit, only hands and face daily, but the feet only twice a week, and to wash the whole body even only every eight to fourteen days. From swimming to mention. "(Quote - Cooking - end)
With small requirements began to Adolf Koch: the daily cleaning of the fingernails. To a classmate as "Cleaning Commissioner" was chosen, which controls every day, the hands and fingernails of her classmates. About a week later came to dental care. The aim was to persuade the girl to a basic daily hygiene - with visible success: clean, healthy and happy children.
Adolf Koch, however, recognized that a hygienic personal care for a comprehensive physical education is not enough. He began 1921 with a gymnastics training in the "school for physical education and movement education" in Berlin-Charlottenburg, which was led by Anna Herrmann Müller. At the time, just the expression of dance came into fashion, feelings, moods and movements in the least, to present. There were also the rather different exercise methods of Bess M. Mensendieck, Rudolf Bode, Emile Jaques-Dalcroze, Dora Menzler and ultimately the Loheland gymnastics.
Adolf Koch tended to the gymnastic exercises Menzler to Dora, because she had brought together the merits of different gymnastic systems
A successful physical education for Adolf Koch was only possible if the gymnastic exercises were conducted in complete nudity. Anna-Herrmann Müller and Dora Menzler were enthusiastic about this idea and supported Adolf Koch.
"... accurate observation that infinitely rich interplay of muscle and joint function and skeletal form, to the constant perception of any changes in structure and function and expression
of the body. It is inconceivable how the gymnasts in the unusually complicated structure
find their way to the human body, if it is not, as the doctor and the artists who
Possibility of a stable view of details is necessary. "(8)
Sun encouraged, developed Adolf Koch gymnastic exercises for children. The joy of movement, the playful and fanciful imagination of the younger children went to these exercises with one. For the older children work, he developed exercises that were based on including heavy-and momentum.
Adolf Koch was very important that boys and girls together (naked) practiced for the children should also reverence and respect for the (naked) body of the opposite sex and learning experience that includes nudity in itself, nothing sexual.
1923 Adolf Koch ended his gymnastics teacher training. On the Kreuzberg school he led the development of gymnastics but not him. For class trips, it was already time to make us bathed naked in remote lakes, but not more.
At the end of the school year 1920/21 had Adolf Koch leave this school: he should have taken a girl in indecent manner under the skirt. Although Adolf Koch confirmed that he had touched the girl, but in the form of a medical examination (medical typified Adolf Koch). The girl was brought in question with suspected appendicitis in the hospital.
Adolf Koch was transferred for disciplinary reasons anyway. He came to a school in East Berlin, where he had to deal with difficult children. Interestingly, however, is that Adolf Koch by this relegation erstamls contact with nudism found. Some of the parents had a "friendship circle" together in order to spare time to do something for her body, gave a formal articles of association do not exist. The children formed the group "Youth Guild" Land of the sun.
Adolf Koch saw a wonderful opportunity, "his" exercise in bringing this union. Parents and children gathered every Saturday in the Youth Center gym for Marianne bank 1a. These were initially only to the gym for 10 - to 13-year-old boys and girls who did gymnastics in the presence of parents and in complete nudity in common.
End of 1922 he brought the gymnastic exercises in his school with, where the children did gymnastics first not naked, but wearing a bathing suit was. Ruthe rector, acknowledged "that Adolf Koch for the gym class is suitable for a particular degree."
Adolf Koch wanted to introduce nudity, with, as an essential component of the exercises he developed. Adolf Koch also knew that he was not in the normal school operation, the nudity was introduced, he sought help from the parents of his pupils, in June 1923 resulting in the "parent groups for free body culture" founded. Parents also had to agree to comply with the hygienic principles, because the theme of "hygiene" Adolf Koch has never lost sight of.
As a training area served him classrooms and assembly hall outside school hours.
Of course, these facilities ranged from not at some point, had her own ...
Newspaper clipping from "The Evening"
Berlin, 28 September 1962
Report on the Adolf-Koch-Institute.
A pioneer of the single-minded nudist movement and gymnastics nude
The success with his gymnastic schools were tough fights ahead. It was the court processes set in motion by uptight moral apostles, not even as bad as a conviction (in the negative sense) it never came.
However a total ban him harder hit by the Nazis. Its institutions were closed, including, among other things, because he refused to separate itself from its Jewish employees voluntarily. His writings were in the list of "" forbidden and un-German books were in the so-called Reich-Kristallnacht publicly burned in Berlin.
His Institute:
This "new" form of gymnastics, in connection with his view of life according to nature, Adolf Koch tried to perform well in school - of course with the appropriate parental consent. Since it could not be long until his first trial. Adolf Koch continued to fight, but drew his own conclusions and withdrew from the public school system and began setting up an institute for nudism.
13 (!) Schools could build in Germany, Adolf Koch.
Their program consisted of:
Gymnastics with cold showers
Sunlamp irradiation
medical examinations and care
Debates on all issues
... and additional teaching hours
The man, the individual - was always the task and aim of his work.
Anyone who has the "old" documentation on Nudism sees on television, will surely remember the part in which is the speech by Adolf Koch. Strange to us today seem to pictures and movies from his gymnastics schools: families, adults, children and young people who dance naked through a space jump, jumping, and thereby acted in accordance with the instructions and Adolf Koch. Although it looked strange, but it was for the movement of nudism an enormous step forward.
His institute in Berlin was the Friedrichstrasse, nude swimming and nude gymnastics took place in mid Stadtbad (Garden Street) instead. He also decreed in Selchow a stately grounds with sports fields and playgrounds, a lake and barracks.
.... up to the ban by the Nazis. But Adolf Koch stuck to his guns and continued to work illegally, helped many Jews and Nazi persecution.
Officially he was called up during the war, including as head of sport and the treatment of wounded veterans (Castle Marquart, Berlin).
After 1945, he began immediately with the construction of a new institute, which was soon recognized as "free education institution" by the Berlin Senate. In regular public lectures and he showed his work and also campaigned for nudism.
The DFK distanced itself from the work of Adolf Koch and closed it in 1964 from the association.
Adolf Koch was then reinstated later (date unknown)
On 2 Adolf Koch died in July 1970.
09.04.1896 in Berlin
Died:
07/02/1970
Father, Karl Koch, a skilled carpenter, was a fireman, with Adolf described him in his CV as "Fire Chief". Mother Pauline Koch, Krause was born, a housewife and mother. Adolf had a younger sister and a half years. Growing up the two in the Berlin district of Kreuzberg, in the hail Berger Straße 26
Enrollment in 1902, with completion in 1903 elementary school in 1911.
On 14 September the same year Adolf Koch was confirmed in the Lutheran Church Passion (2).
After finishing elementary school, Adolf Koch entered the preparatory school (3) of Kyritz (4). This training, he broke off in 1914 and volunteered as a volunteer. He was not obsessed with the war, but saw this as an opportunity and the constraints of the strict order to escape the prison-like boarding school.
Adolf Koch was employed as a medic (nurse). His service he performed in various hospitals in France and Russia (5). All supervisors were pleased with the work of Adolf Koch very satisfied.
These services have been outstanding on 16.01.1916 honored "with the" Red Cross medal third class - a high honor for a simple soldier.
After the end of World War II, Adolf Koch returned to Berlin and took in the spring 1919 the teacher training broken up again, which he in autumn 1920 with the first State Examination concluded.
In addition to training for elementary school teachers began Adolf Koch also "studying at the" Royal Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, now the Humboldt University in Berlin. He was enrolled on 03.06.1919 under the registration number 5537109 and a member of the Faculty of Arts (6). Adolf Koch in a resume are the subjects of education and medicine. His studies "was the theme of" hygiene, as evidenced by the documented classes, including two later on the "psychology of women" by Professor Lipmann, on which Adolf Koch in his own lectures always comes back.
One can certainly note that Adolf Koch had to do until 1919 with the nudism nothing.
Only with the topic of "hygiene" Adolf Koch began to be interested and for nudism. He read nudist magazines, like "The Beauty" and visited with nude cabaret dancing. In the latter especially was a cook by the expressiveness and elegance of dance by Della de Waal (7) is fascinating.
Directly after his teacher training (September 1920) Adolf Koch went to the teaching profession and was the 4th grade teacher Girls' class at a primary school in Berlin-Kreuzberg (Cottbus goal). He immediately tried to realize his reformist ideas of a "new education". This included inter alia the relationship between mind and body to provide a new basis. The school physical education was treated very unkindly to his opinion and was limited to uniform and boring exercises. Added to this was the lack of personal hygiene, which he complained:
Quote - Koch:
"There is a widespread habit, only hands and face daily, but the feet only twice a week, and to wash the whole body even only every eight to fourteen days. From swimming to mention. "(Quote - Cooking - end)
With small requirements began to Adolf Koch: the daily cleaning of the fingernails. To a classmate as "Cleaning Commissioner" was chosen, which controls every day, the hands and fingernails of her classmates. About a week later came to dental care. The aim was to persuade the girl to a basic daily hygiene - with visible success: clean, healthy and happy children.
Adolf Koch, however, recognized that a hygienic personal care for a comprehensive physical education is not enough. He began 1921 with a gymnastics training in the "school for physical education and movement education" in Berlin-Charlottenburg, which was led by Anna Herrmann Müller. At the time, just the expression of dance came into fashion, feelings, moods and movements in the least, to present. There were also the rather different exercise methods of Bess M. Mensendieck, Rudolf Bode, Emile Jaques-Dalcroze, Dora Menzler and ultimately the Loheland gymnastics.
Adolf Koch tended to the gymnastic exercises Menzler to Dora, because she had brought together the merits of different gymnastic systems
A successful physical education for Adolf Koch was only possible if the gymnastic exercises were conducted in complete nudity. Anna-Herrmann Müller and Dora Menzler were enthusiastic about this idea and supported Adolf Koch.
"... accurate observation that infinitely rich interplay of muscle and joint function and skeletal form, to the constant perception of any changes in structure and function and expression
of the body. It is inconceivable how the gymnasts in the unusually complicated structure
find their way to the human body, if it is not, as the doctor and the artists who
Possibility of a stable view of details is necessary. "(8)
Sun encouraged, developed Adolf Koch gymnastic exercises for children. The joy of movement, the playful and fanciful imagination of the younger children went to these exercises with one. For the older children work, he developed exercises that were based on including heavy-and momentum.
Adolf Koch was very important that boys and girls together (naked) practiced for the children should also reverence and respect for the (naked) body of the opposite sex and learning experience that includes nudity in itself, nothing sexual.
1923 Adolf Koch ended his gymnastics teacher training. On the Kreuzberg school he led the development of gymnastics but not him. For class trips, it was already time to make us bathed naked in remote lakes, but not more.
At the end of the school year 1920/21 had Adolf Koch leave this school: he should have taken a girl in indecent manner under the skirt. Although Adolf Koch confirmed that he had touched the girl, but in the form of a medical examination (medical typified Adolf Koch). The girl was brought in question with suspected appendicitis in the hospital.
Adolf Koch was transferred for disciplinary reasons anyway. He came to a school in East Berlin, where he had to deal with difficult children. Interestingly, however, is that Adolf Koch by this relegation erstamls contact with nudism found. Some of the parents had a "friendship circle" together in order to spare time to do something for her body, gave a formal articles of association do not exist. The children formed the group "Youth Guild" Land of the sun.
Adolf Koch saw a wonderful opportunity, "his" exercise in bringing this union. Parents and children gathered every Saturday in the Youth Center gym for Marianne bank 1a. These were initially only to the gym for 10 - to 13-year-old boys and girls who did gymnastics in the presence of parents and in complete nudity in common.
End of 1922 he brought the gymnastic exercises in his school with, where the children did gymnastics first not naked, but wearing a bathing suit was. Ruthe rector, acknowledged "that Adolf Koch for the gym class is suitable for a particular degree."
Adolf Koch wanted to introduce nudity, with, as an essential component of the exercises he developed. Adolf Koch also knew that he was not in the normal school operation, the nudity was introduced, he sought help from the parents of his pupils, in June 1923 resulting in the "parent groups for free body culture" founded. Parents also had to agree to comply with the hygienic principles, because the theme of "hygiene" Adolf Koch has never lost sight of.
As a training area served him classrooms and assembly hall outside school hours.
Of course, these facilities ranged from not at some point, had her own ...
Newspaper clipping from "The Evening"
Berlin, 28 September 1962
Report on the Adolf-Koch-Institute.
A pioneer of the single-minded nudist movement and gymnastics nude
The success with his gymnastic schools were tough fights ahead. It was the court processes set in motion by uptight moral apostles, not even as bad as a conviction (in the negative sense) it never came.
However a total ban him harder hit by the Nazis. Its institutions were closed, including, among other things, because he refused to separate itself from its Jewish employees voluntarily. His writings were in the list of "" forbidden and un-German books were in the so-called Reich-Kristallnacht publicly burned in Berlin.
His Institute:
This "new" form of gymnastics, in connection with his view of life according to nature, Adolf Koch tried to perform well in school - of course with the appropriate parental consent. Since it could not be long until his first trial. Adolf Koch continued to fight, but drew his own conclusions and withdrew from the public school system and began setting up an institute for nudism.
13 (!) Schools could build in Germany, Adolf Koch.
Their program consisted of:
Gymnastics with cold showers
Sunlamp irradiation
medical examinations and care
Debates on all issues
... and additional teaching hours
The man, the individual - was always the task and aim of his work.
Anyone who has the "old" documentation on Nudism sees on television, will surely remember the part in which is the speech by Adolf Koch. Strange to us today seem to pictures and movies from his gymnastics schools: families, adults, children and young people who dance naked through a space jump, jumping, and thereby acted in accordance with the instructions and Adolf Koch. Although it looked strange, but it was for the movement of nudism an enormous step forward.
His institute in Berlin was the Friedrichstrasse, nude swimming and nude gymnastics took place in mid Stadtbad (Garden Street) instead. He also decreed in Selchow a stately grounds with sports fields and playgrounds, a lake and barracks.
.... up to the ban by the Nazis. But Adolf Koch stuck to his guns and continued to work illegally, helped many Jews and Nazi persecution.
Officially he was called up during the war, including as head of sport and the treatment of wounded veterans (Castle Marquart, Berlin).
After 1945, he began immediately with the construction of a new institute, which was soon recognized as "free education institution" by the Berlin Senate. In regular public lectures and he showed his work and also campaigned for nudism.
The DFK distanced itself from the work of Adolf Koch and closed it in 1964 from the association.
Adolf Koch was then reinstated later (date unknown)
On 2 Adolf Koch died in July 1970.
A Jew speaks freely
Horst Naftaniel, Eupen (Belgium)
From: Helios, Issue 35 / July 1953
In a typical working-class neighborhood in north-east of Berlin, near the home of the famous Kate Kollwitz, I spent my childhood years.
My father - a Jew - was a sergeant in the First World War on the Western Front in 1917. My mother was a single, heavy heart trouble.
The first conscious memory of my childhood is the inclusion in the Jewish orphanage in Berlin-Pankow. I was not yet seven years old. In the postwar period, there were hardly any clothes and underwear.
"We in the orphanage" was brand-new uniform-like clothing that has been prepared for all the boys especially. And that's what I noticed, because the other boys and girls on the street were dressed very poorly, she looked pale and had little to eat. I had the feeling that "something special" to be. The new clothes were donations of former pupils of the orphanage, the money already earned.
...
Walk alone to go play and we were not allowed. The school was in the house. Jewish teachers taught us. Any areas of contact with non-Jewish children, we never had.
We had freedom only in the bathroom. There we were fighting us naked and blew us out heartily. Unfortunately, that was just the Friday before the Sabbath of the case. To this day I associate with these hours swimming in my memory laughter and joy.
...
Every summer we spent several weeks in a Jewish home on the Baltic Sea in Wustrow. But even here, even with the path to the beach and back, the same order in rows of four, the same attitude, the same clothes, same hair cut: everything nicely into shape. It was disgusting, because we often saw other children with their parents.
Sometimes we Berlind boys were still smart enough to disengage. We then strolled to second or third in the dunes. That was exciting - and beautiful to be one day without coercion and isolation.
Twelve years old I was when I saw the first naked adult humans. Two boys and I were in the dunes a few miles from our home stalked beach to the north ... and suddenly stood before a large group of naked girls. We were struck with amazement. But the girls over to us "clothed" boys do not - they called us to be friendly, but to come to them. We solved this in everything from a sense of fear. We retired rather cautious and were then astonished the dune grass.
...
I know it, it was not a nasty word to us boys and we told the others nothing. But in the evening I checked my white skin with a brown body of the girl.
...
(With 17 years of journeyman exam hairdresser)
At that time I was "in the" German-Jewish youth community, were organized in the boys and girls. Since I got to know a girl who was not Jewish: sixteen years, small, petite but energetic. And this little "Lie" gave me what I lacked: a glimpse into the wide world. How were in love, but never more. It was a real affection. Lie was a member of the Physical Education School in Berlin, Adolf Koch. She had told me a lot of the people who move freely, without clothes and without hesitation said, enlightening and also from the lectures of the regular medical examinations.
One evening I took courage and went along. With a self-evident to all said, "YOU" - all were naked except for the teachers. There was laughter, teasing, joking, in the gym worked, played, sung, showered, basking ... But to me it was by no means obvious that neither I nor anyone else Adolf Koch asked about my religion or race.
I was the first among equals.
I felt happier than usual to house!
And then I saw how the "Thousand Year Reich," in which Adolf Koch movement took its catchment. The SA drove us from our beautiful large grounds in Berlin-Selchow, tore down the tents, log cabins and destroyed the truck finally drove off everything. We have had to march out with the others and were glad, so it came about.
...
Adolf Koch has from his property, even by its beautiful wings in the big gym never seen anything again. The violence triumphed. Later, the other rooms of the Adolf-Koch-Schule were hopelessly ravaged. All writings and the great library were transported on trucks and in the pleasure garden publicly burned.
This action "against the un-spirit" was in common with the closure of
Institute for Sexual Science, whose director, Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld in the
Management of the Adolf-Koch-Schule worked.
The former Prussian Minister of Education Rust stated that all foreign races in word and
Font without compensation as a result of Marxist dictatorship under Jewish
Leadership would be destroyed.
Professer Julius Bochnik (short "Juliet" called) stood between the rubble and wept, for he had always maintained the great library expanded and carefully.
Adolf Koch said, but dogged and defiant: "Somehow and at some point must all be paid for once!"
He did not despair and immediately developed a plan to continue working illegally.
Much was broken in me by so much human wickedness. Then, when Jewish businesses were particularly marked by signs, as everywhere, the Jews had to be excluded, I again felt the oppression of my race. We Jews were only allowed to work here and as tolerated. I was constantly in fear. Desire for protection and I lived in an unrestrained anger, a desire for revenge.
But the circle around Adolf Koch held together. After 1936, the Institute for "eubiotic" was founded. No one knew what that meant really. Outwardly it was a massage or beauty salon. Promptly seized the SS after a year of this Institute.
Undeterred, Adolf Koch in the Knight Street to try something new, "site control for life".
A very understanding landlord, a Democrat - Dietrich, who, like Adolf hated cooking, Hitler - helped.
We have always done the same thing we did earlier: Gymnastics ... With enthusiasm, we sang satirical songs about Hitler and his regime. Here Wearen people remained what they were before: equal among equals, namely: people!
The Jewish Star of David badges were sent to her from under his coat (note: also jacket) hidden. Our intention is not to "Adolf our" endangering useless. It is still a mystery to me that we could be together undisturbed there with the circle of Jewish sisters.
How much strength and comfort we took, only the judge who witnessed it.
In the camp, I have often fed on dieer force that kept me going in all of this torture that took many persecuted Jews and their way across the border into a foreign country, is again characteristic of humanity that Adolf Koch Community, for their true relationship and the fact that there was no betrayal.
After the Kristallnacht Naftaniel Horst and his wife left Germany.
In Belgium, they found refuge at first, until after the German-Truppenein
march deported to the concentration camp Auschwitz.
His mother was shot, his wife, he had never seen again.
Horst was transferred to the Flossenburg in Bavaria, where he eventually
was liberated by the U.S. Army.
After his liberation, he saw his son again, which for 4 years-different
put was held.
In the summer of 1953, after fifteen years, I was back in Berlin, in my home, with Adolf Koch, with his men and women, boys and girls.
From 1946 he has created a new Institute of debris.
...
From: Helios, Issue 35 / July 1953
In a typical working-class neighborhood in north-east of Berlin, near the home of the famous Kate Kollwitz, I spent my childhood years.
My father - a Jew - was a sergeant in the First World War on the Western Front in 1917. My mother was a single, heavy heart trouble.
The first conscious memory of my childhood is the inclusion in the Jewish orphanage in Berlin-Pankow. I was not yet seven years old. In the postwar period, there were hardly any clothes and underwear.
"We in the orphanage" was brand-new uniform-like clothing that has been prepared for all the boys especially. And that's what I noticed, because the other boys and girls on the street were dressed very poorly, she looked pale and had little to eat. I had the feeling that "something special" to be. The new clothes were donations of former pupils of the orphanage, the money already earned.
...
Walk alone to go play and we were not allowed. The school was in the house. Jewish teachers taught us. Any areas of contact with non-Jewish children, we never had.
We had freedom only in the bathroom. There we were fighting us naked and blew us out heartily. Unfortunately, that was just the Friday before the Sabbath of the case. To this day I associate with these hours swimming in my memory laughter and joy.
...
Every summer we spent several weeks in a Jewish home on the Baltic Sea in Wustrow. But even here, even with the path to the beach and back, the same order in rows of four, the same attitude, the same clothes, same hair cut: everything nicely into shape. It was disgusting, because we often saw other children with their parents.
Sometimes we Berlind boys were still smart enough to disengage. We then strolled to second or third in the dunes. That was exciting - and beautiful to be one day without coercion and isolation.
Twelve years old I was when I saw the first naked adult humans. Two boys and I were in the dunes a few miles from our home stalked beach to the north ... and suddenly stood before a large group of naked girls. We were struck with amazement. But the girls over to us "clothed" boys do not - they called us to be friendly, but to come to them. We solved this in everything from a sense of fear. We retired rather cautious and were then astonished the dune grass.
...
I know it, it was not a nasty word to us boys and we told the others nothing. But in the evening I checked my white skin with a brown body of the girl.
...
(With 17 years of journeyman exam hairdresser)
At that time I was "in the" German-Jewish youth community, were organized in the boys and girls. Since I got to know a girl who was not Jewish: sixteen years, small, petite but energetic. And this little "Lie" gave me what I lacked: a glimpse into the wide world. How were in love, but never more. It was a real affection. Lie was a member of the Physical Education School in Berlin, Adolf Koch. She had told me a lot of the people who move freely, without clothes and without hesitation said, enlightening and also from the lectures of the regular medical examinations.
One evening I took courage and went along. With a self-evident to all said, "YOU" - all were naked except for the teachers. There was laughter, teasing, joking, in the gym worked, played, sung, showered, basking ... But to me it was by no means obvious that neither I nor anyone else Adolf Koch asked about my religion or race.
I was the first among equals.
I felt happier than usual to house!
And then I saw how the "Thousand Year Reich," in which Adolf Koch movement took its catchment. The SA drove us from our beautiful large grounds in Berlin-Selchow, tore down the tents, log cabins and destroyed the truck finally drove off everything. We have had to march out with the others and were glad, so it came about.
...
Adolf Koch has from his property, even by its beautiful wings in the big gym never seen anything again. The violence triumphed. Later, the other rooms of the Adolf-Koch-Schule were hopelessly ravaged. All writings and the great library were transported on trucks and in the pleasure garden publicly burned.
This action "against the un-spirit" was in common with the closure of
Institute for Sexual Science, whose director, Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld in the
Management of the Adolf-Koch-Schule worked.
The former Prussian Minister of Education Rust stated that all foreign races in word and
Font without compensation as a result of Marxist dictatorship under Jewish
Leadership would be destroyed.
Professer Julius Bochnik (short "Juliet" called) stood between the rubble and wept, for he had always maintained the great library expanded and carefully.
Adolf Koch said, but dogged and defiant: "Somehow and at some point must all be paid for once!"
He did not despair and immediately developed a plan to continue working illegally.
Much was broken in me by so much human wickedness. Then, when Jewish businesses were particularly marked by signs, as everywhere, the Jews had to be excluded, I again felt the oppression of my race. We Jews were only allowed to work here and as tolerated. I was constantly in fear. Desire for protection and I lived in an unrestrained anger, a desire for revenge.
But the circle around Adolf Koch held together. After 1936, the Institute for "eubiotic" was founded. No one knew what that meant really. Outwardly it was a massage or beauty salon. Promptly seized the SS after a year of this Institute.
Undeterred, Adolf Koch in the Knight Street to try something new, "site control for life".
A very understanding landlord, a Democrat - Dietrich, who, like Adolf hated cooking, Hitler - helped.
We have always done the same thing we did earlier: Gymnastics ... With enthusiasm, we sang satirical songs about Hitler and his regime. Here Wearen people remained what they were before: equal among equals, namely: people!
The Jewish Star of David badges were sent to her from under his coat (note: also jacket) hidden. Our intention is not to "Adolf our" endangering useless. It is still a mystery to me that we could be together undisturbed there with the circle of Jewish sisters.
How much strength and comfort we took, only the judge who witnessed it.
In the camp, I have often fed on dieer force that kept me going in all of this torture that took many persecuted Jews and their way across the border into a foreign country, is again characteristic of humanity that Adolf Koch Community, for their true relationship and the fact that there was no betrayal.
After the Kristallnacht Naftaniel Horst and his wife left Germany.
In Belgium, they found refuge at first, until after the German-Truppenein
march deported to the concentration camp Auschwitz.
His mother was shot, his wife, he had never seen again.
Horst was transferred to the Flossenburg in Bavaria, where he eventually
was liberated by the U.S. Army.
After his liberation, he saw his son again, which for 4 years-different
put was held.
In the summer of 1953, after fifteen years, I was back in Berlin, in my home, with Adolf Koch, with his men and women, boys and girls.
From 1946 he has created a new Institute of debris.
...
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